<p>Andøya is the northernmost island in the Vesterålen archipelago, situated about 300 km inside the Arctic circle. Andøya is located in the municipality of Andøy in Nordland county, Norway. The main population centres on the island include Andenes, Bleik, and Risøyhamn.</p><br>
<p>The island has an area of 489 km&sup2, making it the tenth largest island in Norway. The island is connected to the neighboring island of Hinnøya using the Andøy Bridge. The Andfjorden lies to the east of the island, the Risøysundet strait lies to the south and east side of the island, and the Gavlfjorden lies to the southwest side. The Norwegian Sea lies to the west and north.</p><br>
<p>The numerous bog areas on Andøya are used for the extensive production of peat. Andøya is also well known for its cloudberries. Besides the flat and largely continuous bog areas, Andøya also consists of steep mountain ranges reaching up to 700 m high. The sharp peak of Kvasstinden is the highest point on the island at 705 m. The Andøya Rocket Range which was founded in 1962 is also located on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Media gallery</h2><br>
<p>The River Blakewater is a river running through Lancashire, giving its name to the town of Blackburn.</p><br>
<p>The Blakewater rises on the moors above Guide near Blackburn as Knuzden Brook and runs through the hamlet of that name, before taking the name Blakewater (meaning either "black water" or "clear water," the latter deriving from Old English blæc) near the village of Whitebirk.</p><br>
<p>From there, the river runs through the Blackburn areas of Little Harwood, Cob Wall and Brookhouse to Blackburn town centre.</p><br>
<p>The section of the Blakewater running through Blackburn town centre was culverted during the industrial revolution, and now runs underground. The culvert was extensively modified in the 1960s during the redevelopment of the town centre - it now runs underneath Ainsworth Street and between Blackburn Cathedral and Blackburn Bus Station. In recent years, the town has undergone a phase of regeneration with future proposals to open up parts of the culverted river so that the Blakewater will once again flow openly through areas of the town centre.</p><br>
<p>On the western side of the town centre the Blakewater continues under Whalley Banks and through the Redlam area.</p><br>
<p>The Blakewater joins the River Darwen outside Witton Country Park in Blackburn, which continues on to join the River Ribble at Walton-le-Dale.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the aforementioned Knuzden Brook, the waters of the Blakewater are swelled by Little Harwood Brook (coming from Sunny Bower), Audley Brook (from the region of Queen&#39;s Park to the confluence near Darwen Street) and Snig Brook (which rises near Lammack and runs through Corporation Park).</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Snig Brook rises near Pleckgate and flows southwards, behind Lammack and close to Four Lane Ends, before feeding the lakes in Corporation Park. From there, Snig Brook flows down to the west of Montague Street through a culvert, meeting the Blakewater near Nab End.</p><br>
<p>The entirely culverted Audley Brook rises close to the former site of Audley Hall north of the Queen&#39;s Park area of Blackburn. From there, it flows westward, meeting the Blakewater near Darwen Street Bridge, where the railway between Blackburn and Preston crosses Darwen Street.</p><br>
<p>Little Harwood Brook joins the Blakewater at Bastwell (recorded in the 13th century as Baddestwysel, the latter part deriving from an Old English term meaning place where two brooks meet), having risen close to Mickle Hey and running through Brownhill, as well as having been fed itself by Seven Acre Brook (running east from Rough Hey and joining by Blackburn Cemetery near Roe Lee, for much of its course marking the boundary between Blackburn with Darwen to the south and the Ribble Valley) and Royshaw Clough (running east from near Four Lane Ends).</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The River Darwen is a river running through the towns of Darwen and Blackburn in Lancashire which eventually joins the River Ribble at Walton le Dale. Here the river runs to the south of Preston on its way to the Ribble Estuary on the west coast of northern England.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Originating at Jack&#39;s Key Clough where Grain Brook and Grainings Brook meet, the two streams from Bull Hill and Cranberry Moss respectively, the river flows through the town of Darwen, continuing into the suburbs of Blackburn past Ewood Park. The river passes below the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Ewood Aqueduct and is culverted again at Waterfall and near Griffin Park. It is joined by the River Blakewater near Witton Country Park in Blackburn and leaves the mostly urban landscapes of the towns behind, flowing through parklands and valleys. A further tributary, the River Roddlesworth, joins the Darwen at the bottom of Moulden Brow on the boundary between Blackburn with Darwen and Chorley Borough Council (the name Moulden Brow being associated with Moulden Water, an alternative name for this stretch of the river). From there, the Darwen flows past Hoghton Tower through Hoghton Bottoms and Samlesbury Bottoms, finally combining with the River Ribble at Walton-le-Dale.</p><br>
<h2>Places of interest</h2><br>
<p>A small Memorial Garden for Kathleen Ferrier is on the river bank at Higher Walton, Lancashire.</p><br>
<p>Parkway and Higher Croft Woods, south of Blackburn, is a Biological Heritage Site (BHS) which also received a Local Nature Reserve status in 2005</p><br>
<p>Walton-le-Dale, location of the Battle of Preston during the Second English Civil War, captured a Parliamentarian army victory in a poem "To Cromwell" by John Milton: -</p><br>
<p>" While Darwent Streams with Blood of Scots imbru&#39;d..."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The river was polluted with human and industrial effluent during the Industrial Revolution, and this contamination continued until the early 1970s. The river often changed colour dramatically as a result of paper and paint mills routinely using the river water to flush out dye and paint tanks. This process has now ceased, and as a result the river water is now relatively clear which has resulted in the return of trout and small fish. In 2012 a section of the river which had remained in a culvert for 100 years was uncovered at an area of Darwen known as Shorey Bank Throughout the course of the river many improvements have resulted in improved water quality.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Hennel Brook</p><br>
<p>Cockshott Brook</p><br>
<p>Many Brooks</p><br>
<p>Black Brook</p><br>
<p>*Hatchwood Brook</p><br>
<p>Fowler Brook</p><br>
<p>*Drum Head Brook</p><br>
<p>**Gorton Brook</p><br>
<p>**Mill Brook</p><br>
<p>*Bank Head Brook</p><br>
<p>Old Darwen</p><br>
<p>Beeston Brook</p><br>
<p>Quaker Brook</p><br>
<p>Hole Brook</p><br>
<p>Huntley Brook (North)</p><br>
<p>Huntley Brook (South)</p><br>
<p>Alum House Brook</p><br>
<p>Arley Brook</p><br>
<p>Trout Brook</p><br>
<p>River Roddlesworth</p><br>
<p>Finnington Brook</p><br>
<p>Stockclough Brook</p><br>
<p>*Whitehalgh Brook</p><br>
<p>**Shaw Brook</p><br>
<p>**Chapels Brook</p><br>
<p>**Sheep Bridge Brook</p><br>
<p>Rake Brook</p><br>
<p>Calf Hey Brook</p><br>
<p>Ferny Bed Springs</p><br>
<p>River Blakewater</p><br>
<p>Snig Brook</p><br>
<p>Audley Brook</p><br>
<p>Little Harwood Brook</p><br>
<p>*Royshaw Clough</p><br>
<p>*Seven Acre Brook</p><br>
<p>Knuzden Brook</p><br>
<p>Scotshaw Brook</p><br>
<p>Moss Brook</p><br>
<p>Badger Brook</p><br>
<p>Higher Croft Brook</p><br>
<p>Newfield Brook</p><br>
<p>Davy Field Brook</p><br>
<p>Flash Brook</p><br>
<p>Grimshaw Brook</p><br>
<p>*Waterside Brook</p><br>
<p>**Mean Brook</p><br>
<p>***Sapling Clough</p><br>
<p>**Hoddlesden Moss Brook</p><br>
<p>***Far Scotland Brook</p><br>
<p>**Pickup Bank Brook</p><br>
<p>***Moss Brook</p><br>
<p>***Twitchells Brook</p><br>
<p>Sunnyhurst Brook</p><br>
<p>Stepback Brook</p><br>
<p>Bold Venture Brook</p><br>
<p>High Lumb Brook</p><br>
<p>*Livesey Brook</p><br>
<p>Kebbs Brook</p><br>
<p>Green Lowe Brook</p><br>
<p>Bury Fold Brook</p><br>
<p>Old Briggs Brook</p><br>
<p>*Duckshaw Brook</p><br>
<p>Grainings Brook</p><br>
<p>Grain Brook</p><br>
<p>Bent Hall Brook</p><br>
<p>Deadman&#39;s Clough</p><br>
<p>The Phoenix Mountains are a mountain range located in central Phoenix, Arizona. With the exception of Mummy Mountain, they are part of the Phoenix Mountain Preserve. They serve as a municipal park and offer hiking, mountain biking and equestrian trails at a variety of different access points.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>The major peaks of the Phoenix Mountain complex are:</p><br>
<p>Moon Mountain</p><br>
<p>Lookout Mountain</p><br>
<p>Shadow Mountain</p><br>
<p>Shaw Butte</p><br>
<p>North Mountain</p><br>
<p>Echo Mountain</p><br>
<p>Stoney Mountain</p><br>
<p>Piestewa Peak (formerly named Squaw Peak)</p><br>
<p>Mummy Mountain</p><br>
<p>Camelback Mountain</p><br>
<p>Sunnyslope Mountain</p><br>
<h2>Other features</h2><br>
<p>The mountains contain the Phoenix Mountain Preserve which includes the Dreamy Draw Recreation Area, Lookout Mountain Preserve, North Mountain Preserve and Piestewa Mountain Park.</p><br>
<p>The Dreamy Draw Recreation Area is located in the pass between the Stoney/Echo mountain ridge and Piestewa Peak known as Dreamy Draw. The name originated from the neurological effects suffered by miners who worked the area&#39;s cinnabar (mercury sulfide) mine. There is a flood prevention dam in the Dreamy Draw area.</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<h3>Charles M. Christiansen Memorial Trail</h3><br>
<p>The trail was dedicated in 1986 to Charles Milo Christiansen, the former director of Phoenix Parks and Recreation who led efforts to preserve the Phoenix Mountains. There is a memorial plaque at the western trailhead at Mountain View Park. The trail is 10.7 mi long and has a total elevation gain of 200&#39;, though the elevations at both trailheads are the same. It connects North Mountain Park with Stony Mountain and Piestewa Peak Park.</p><br>
<p>Mynydd Bodafon is the highest point on the island of Anglesey . Its summit is also known as Yr Arwydd . It lies about 2½ miles west of the coastal town of Moelfre and ⅔ of a mile south-west of the hamlet of Brynrefail. The meaning of Bodafon is obscure. Bod is a common placename element meaning dwelling and afon here is possibly a corruption of the personal name Addan .</p><br>
<p>The terrain of Mynydd Bodafon varies greatly, from pine forest to heathland. In 2006 during an arson attack, much of this land was burnt. The walk to the top of Yr Arwydd is not a particularly difficult one and can be done by anyone with a reasonable level of fitness. There is a small lake which contains various varieties of fish, a reservoir and three springs coming from the hill. To the east of the hill is found an Iron Age earthwork.</p><br>
<p>Mynydd Bodafon&#39;s wildlife is typical for Anglesey. There are a growing number of rabbits which spread past the base of the hill. At one time, deer were present but were hunted and no longer exist there. Also due to hunting the number of foxes in the area has decreased. Mynydd Bodafon boasts a large number of wild birds. Various birds of prey include buzzards and a small number of peregrine falcons. The region is also a popular point of migration for swallows, who inhabit the area between mid-April to October. Recently there have been sightings of the lesser spotted woodpecker, which shows promising growth in the area. The cuckoo is regularly seen on the mountain (there is an old local song about the cuckoo on Bodafon Mountain).</p><br>
<p>Although the name Mynydd Bodafon may refer to the hill itself, it is also the name for the wider geographical area, which is part of the Penrhoslligwy area. Traditionally a Welsh area, many English people have moved there over the last few decades. The area is very popular with tourists, who use it for walking and sometimes fishing. Agriculture is the economy of the area - mainly cattle and sheep.</p><br>
<p>Holyhead Mountain twr, meaning "tower") is the highest mountain on Holy Island, Anglesey, and the highest in the county of Anglesey, north Wales. It lies about two miles west of the town of Holyhead, and slopes steeply down to the Irish Sea on two sides. Ireland can be seen from here on a clear day and the mountain is an important site for seabirds.</p><br>
<h2>The Mountain</h2><br>
<p>Holyhead Mountain is located on Holy Island, Anglesey, jutting out into the Irish Sea. At 722 feet, it is the highest mountain in the county of Anglesey, being higher than Bodafon Mountain (584 feet) on the main island. On the east side of the mountain is the site of a late Roman watchtower called Caer y Tŵr (Tower Fortress), from which Holyhead Mountain&#39;s Welsh name is derived. Holyhead Mountain also has an Iron Age stone circle settlement near its foot. This shows evidence of being occupied in the middle part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. There are traces of field systems and the bases of dry-stone walls of twenty huts, and there are a number of standing stones in the vicinity.</p><br>
<p>The summit of the mountain is rocky and the slopes clad in heather. The material for the breakwater at the port of Holyhead was quarried from the mountain, with seven million tons of limestone being removed from its quarries to form the longest breakwater in Britain, at nearly one and a half miles long. On the mountain are also the remains of a brickworks, which closed in 1973. Specialist bricks produced here were also used in construction of the breakwater.</p><br>
<p>Holyhead Mountain attracts many visitors, and it is also located close to South Stack lighthouse; many people come to see the variety of birds that nest along the cliff faces near South Stack. Views from the summit are extensive, especially to the west, where the Wicklow Mountains in Ireland can often be seen across the Irish Sea on clear days. Birds that nest here include Atlantic puffins, stonechats and oyster catchers, and grey seals can be seen offshore during the summer.</p><br>
<p>Mount Dutton is a stratovolcano in the Aleutian Range of the USA state of Alaska, on the Alaska Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Dutton lies just short of 9 mi from King Cove, a fishing headquarters for the locality.</p><br>
<h2>Geologic activity</h2><br>
<p>Dutton is a highly glaciated volcano. Its summit is composed of a series of lava domes which form a complex stratovolcano. The mountain&#39;s recent history is marked by at least avalanche which removed andesitic lava flows and several lava domes from the flank of its body and swiftly cascaded westward and southward towards Belkofski Bay.</p><br>
<p>Between 1984 and 1985, a series of earthquake swarms took place in the volcano&#39;s vicinity. Another swarm took place in the summer of 1988.</p><br>
<p>Bishop Wilton Wold is the highest point of the Yorkshire Wolds in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The summit, known as Garrowby Hill, lies about 5 miles  north of Pocklington.</p><br>
<p>As with most of the wolds, it is wide, flat and agricultural in nature. The A166 road passes right by the top. However it is a Marilyn (having topographic prominence of at least 150 m). There is a trig point, two covered reservoirs and an aerial.</p><br>
<p>The British artist David Hockney painted the view from the summit in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Halifax bomber crash 1944</h2><br>
<p>Around 10 am on 7 February 1944 an Halifax MkV DK192 (OO-N) from 1663 HCU based at RAF Rufforth crashed on Garrowby Hill.</p><br>
<p>As well as the 7 aircrew who were on a training flight, a passing lorry driver was also killed.</p><br>
<p>There is a memorial in a layby on the A166 at Garrowby Hill</p><br>
<p>Snaefell  is the highest mountain and the only summit higher than 2,000 ft on the Isle of Man, at 620.9 m above sea level. The summit is crowned by a railway station, cafe and several communications masts.</p><br>
<h2>Views</h2><br>
<p>It is a well-known saying in the Isle of Man that on a clear day six kingdoms can be seen from the top: the Isle of Man, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Heaven. Some versions add a seventh kingdom, that of Manannán (or the sea).</p><br>
<p>The plaque at the summit indicates the directions of five points from Snaefell as well as their distances:</p><br>
<p>31 mi to the Mull of Galloway (Scotland)</p><br>
<p>51 mi to Scafell (England)</p><br>
<p>66 mi to the Mountains of Mourne (Northern Ireland)</p><br>
<p>85 mi to Liverpool (England)</p><br>
<p>97 mi to Dublin (Republic of Ireland)</p><br>
<h2>Climbing Snaefell</h2><br>
<p>The Snaefell Mountain Railway has a seasonal electric tram service, typically from April to October, which climbs the 4 mi from Laxey to the summit.</p><br>
<p>The A18 Snaefell Mountain Road passes over the slopes of Snaefell, and is the highest section of the Snaefell Mountain Course over which the Isle of Man TT Races are held. Walkers often use the car park on this road near the Bungalow railway station (last railway stop before the summit) from which there is a rough path to the peak. The trail has sections of gravel, slate stones, grass and rock. While the angle of ascent steepens significantly closer to the summit, special climbing equipment is not required. However, caution is required in steep areas as the grass, earth and rocks are often slippery. Average climb time on foot on a dry footpath is about 45 minutes.</p><br>
<p>A geodetic marker embedded in the small, concrete obelisk indicates the true mountain summit. The rock cairn standing nearby has an information plaque on top.</p><br>
<p>The Boston Avenue United Methodist Church, located in downtown Tulsa, Oklahoma and completed in 1929, is considered to be one of the finest examples of ecclesiastical Art Deco architecture in the United States, and has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Built by a congregation of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The design of the US$1.25 million edifice is credited to two individuals: Adah Robinson and Bruce Goff. Robinson was an art teacher at Central High School in Tulsa, and eventually was chair of the art department in the University of Tulsa. Robinson sketched the original ideas for the church. Bruce Goff, formerly one of her high school students, and the architect in 1924–1926 of her home and studio, then took the sketches and came up with the design for the church. Officially, the architecture firm credited is Rush, Endacott and Rush where Goff apprenticed (from age 12 and became a partner in 1930). There is still some debate over who was more responsible for the building. The church credits Adah Robinson with the design of this building, while Goff experts maintain that it is clearly his design. The definitive book on the subject, Tulsa Art Deco says of that issue that "it is not the purpose of this book to offer a resolution to that controversy."</p><br>
<p>The original building consisted of a semicircular auditorium, a soaring 225-foot (68.5 m) tower, and a wing containing class rooms. The soaring straight lines of the tower provide physical, visual, and philosophical linkage to the Gothic Cathedrals of past ages as well as allowing the designers to indulge in the Art Deco celebration of the vertical.</p><br>
<p>At the top of the tower, as well as on many of the other high points and used much in the same manner that churches in the Middle Ages utilized crockets and finials, is a stylized sculpture that represents two hands raised upward in prayer. This motif of praying hands is one that is echoed throughout the building and is one of the areas of design that can be traced back to the early drawings by Robinson.</p><br>
<p>While the building is in many ways unique, the idea of the large, semi-circular main auditorium has an earlier precursor in another Methodist church, Louis Sullivans St. Pauls Methodist Church, designed in 1910 and built, somewhat modified, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa in 1914.</p><br>
<p>Like many other Art Deco buildings, the Boston Avenue Church reveled in the use of various building materials, so metal, glass, terra cotta, Indiana limestone and Minnesota granite can all be found. The exterior is decorated with numerous terra cotta sculptures by the Denver sculptor, Robert Garrison, who had been a student of Adah Robinson&#39;s in Oklahoma City. These sculptures include several groups of people at prayer representing Spiritual life, Religious Education and Worship. In these groups again can be found the two hands together motif.</p><br>
<p>Above the south entrance are the equestrian Circuit Riders, statues of the early Methodists engaged in spreading the Good Word. Two of the three riders represent historic individuals, Bishop Francis Asbury, the first American Methodist bishop and Bishop William McKendree, while the third figure, the one in the center, is symbolic of all the other men of God who did His bidding from horseback. The face on this rider was created by Garrison using the church minister&#39;s father-in-law, the Rev. T.L. Darnell, of as his model. Rev. Darnell had in fact been a circuit rider for half a century. Over the north entrance of the building there can be found idealized statues of John Wesley his brother Charles Wesley and Susanna Wesley, their mother. Other places on the exterior reveal classic art deco styles organic plant designs, which. like the stained glass windows were based on designs drawn from Oklahoma flora, most notably the tritomas and coreopsis flowers.</p><br>
<p>The building was not long in making an impression on the architectural world. Influential art critic of the day, Sheldon Chaney, allows it 5 pictures in his book and praises it saying that, "its detail is daringly new, its ornamental idioms fresh and vital, its masses fairly well sculpted and perfectly expressive of the plan," and adding, "But why for the Methodists?"</p><br>
<p>In 1978 the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1999.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, murals were installed on the 100th anniversary of the founding of the congregation. They were designed by Chicago artist Angelo Gherardi who continued the Art Deco design to be consistent with the building&#39;s interior and exterior design.</p><br>
<p>The construction of a Columbarium inside the building was completed in 2000. Designed by Tulsa architect Roger Coffey, it allowed for the cremains of church members and their immediate family members to be interred there. The columbarium contains a 6 ft by 25 ft cut glass window created by Richard Bohm of the Tulsa Stained Glass company.</p><br>
<p>A stone from the Boston Avenue United Methodist Church is one of the stones embedded in the walls of the Chicago Tribune Building, along with over 100 others picked from historic buildings and famous sites from around the world.</p><br>
<p>The Boston Avenue Church contains a 105 rank Möller pipe organ, dedicated in 1962 at 72 playable ranks of pipes and expanded in 1986. The organ was further modified in 1995 by Daniel Angerstein. In 1999 a new Trompette-en-chamade was added.</p><br>
<p>A complete stoplist for the organ can be found at The Organ Page for the Boston Avenue Church.</p><br>
<p>The church was built by W. S. Bellows Construction Corporation.</p><br>
<p>Nea Smyrni  is a municipality and a southern suburb of Athens, Greece. At the 2011 census, it had 73,076 inhabitants. It was named after the city Smyrna , from where a large number of refugees arrived and settled in the Nea Smyrni area following the 1922 population exchange between Greece and Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although there arent many details about the ancient history of the area, in 2012, during works, ancient graves were unearthed on the side of Agias Sofias Street. The specific manner of burial is known as burial by the roadside&#39;. These ancient findings have already been unveiled by public authorities and are able to be visited.</p><br>
<p>Nea Smyrni began to be inhabited at the beginning of the twentieth century. Up until that point, it had not been inhabited in a systematic manner. At the time, it was intersected by an avenue which connected Athens and Phalerum, the ancient port of the city.</p><br>
<p>After the Asia Minor Disaster, the government decided to construct a settlement in the area for the refugees from Smyrni. Construction of this settlement began in 1926. In 1928, the population was just 210. By 1933, the area had become a true town with a population of 6,500. By 1940, there were 15,000 inhabitants. In 1944, with the end of the war, Nea Smyrni became a municipality.</p><br>
<p>Nea Smyrni was the site of multiple clashes between British Army forces and ELAS resistance forces during the so-called Dekemvriana of 1944.</p><br>
<p>After the civil war, Nea Smyrni was incorporated into Athens.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Nea Smyrni is located about 4 km southwest of central Athens. The municipality has an area of 3.524 km. Its built-up area is continuous with those of Athens and the neighbouring suburbs. It is the second-most densely populated municipality in Greece, following Kallithea. The main thoroughfare is Andrea Syngrou Avenue, which forms the northwestern border of the municipality and connects it with central Athens and the coast.</p><br>
<h3>Alsos Neas Smyrnis</h3><br>
<p>Alsos Neas Smyrnis (Alsos meaning grove or small wood) has an area of fifty acres and is bounded by Eleftheriou Venizelou, Ephesou, Kordeliou and Patriarchou Ioakeim III Avenues. The Alsos consists mainly (20%) of woodland trees (Aleppo pine, stone pine, cypress etc) and ornamental trees (20%). In addition, most of this green space is covered in shrubs (cranberry, velvetleaf, myoporum and pyracantha). Today, conifers make up about 60% of the plant capacity. The plant material of the Alsos consists mainly of monoculture and introduced plants planted in very high density. Two fountains complete the architectural makeup of the area. The whole park is surrounded by iron railings.</p><br>
<h2>Sporting teams</h2><br>
<p>The sport clubs based in Nea Smyrni are Panionios G.S.S., multisport club founded in Smyrna, in 1890 and AONS Milon, multisport club founded in 1928.</p><br>
<h2>Sites of interest</h2><br>
<p>Nea Smyrni Stadium, built in 1939, renovated in 1988. Panionios FC plays in the stadium.</p><br>
<p>Nea Smyrni Indoor Hall, holds up to 1,832 persons.</p><br>
<p>Nea Smyrni Square (Greek: Πλατεία Νέας Σμύρνης Platía Néas Smýrnis).</p><br>
<p>Nea Smyrni Park, a 5-hectare centrally located park with about 40% trees.</p><br>
<p>Estia Nea Smyrni, a cultural association.</p><br>
<h2>Neighbourhoods</h2><br>
<p>Faros</p><br>
<p>Agia Fotini</p><br>
<p>Alsos</p><br>
<p>Kendro (Center)</p><br>
<p>Chrisaki</p><br>
<p>Agia Paraskevi</p><br>
<p>Mitilineika</p><br>
<p>Loutra</p><br>
<p>Ano Nea Smyrni (Upper Nea Smyrni)</p><br>
<h2>Churches</h2><br>
<p>Agia Fotini</p><br>
<p>Agia Paraskevi</p><br>
<p>Agioi Anargiroi</p><br>
<p>Agios Charalambos</p><br>
<p>Agios Andreas</p><br>
<p>Agioi Theodoroi (Greek Old Calendarists)</p><br>
<p>Taxiarches (cemetery church)</p><br>
<p>Nea Smyrni is the seat of a similarly-titled metropolitan diocese. The current Metropolitan bishop of Nea Smyrni is Simeon Koutsas.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Semeli Akrita</p><br>
<p>Maria Iliaki</p><br>
<p>Polina, singer</p><br>
<p>Constantine Psachos, musician</p><br>
<p>Makis Angelopoulos, businessman</p><br>
<h2>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><br>
<p>Sisian, Armenia (since 2004)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Silver Lake, formerly known as Long Pond, is a small lake in the town of Hollis, New Hampshire, United States. The lake was formerly surrounded by summer vacation cottages and camps, but most of these buildings have now been converted for use as year-round homes. Silver Lake State Park occupies the northern end of the lakeshore.</p><br>
<p>The lake is located on NH Route 122, north of the Hollis traffic light. The lake at its deepest is 24 ft deep, and there is a deep channel running down the middle of the lake that ranges from 16 to 28 ft at the deepest. Fish species include largemouth bass, yellow perch, sunfish, pickerel, hornpout/catfish, and a few very large common carp. The lake is deep enough and has a continual supply of cold clean water from below which can support both rainbow and brown trout.</p><br>
<p>The lake has many natural springs that provide fresh clean water, and the small dam at the north end of the lake near the state park controls the level and output. The output flows under NH 122 and goes into Dunklee Pond which then outflows to Pennichuck Brook, a tributary of the Merrimack River.</p><br>
<p>The lake has no public boat launch, although parking at the state park can allow carry-in boats, sailboats, kayaks and other small boats. The lake has restricted hours that allow for boats to go above 10 mph, but has no horsepower limit.</p><br>
<p>The lake has been tested for acceptable bacteria levels, and as of 2006 the State of New Hampshire had deemed the lake acceptable for swimming.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s when the lake was called Long Pond, it housed two dance halls, Wallace Grove and Morrills Grove. These dance halls were a very popular retreat on summer nights for many locals, some coming from as far away as Boston. Soldiers would take the train up from Fort Devens with the hope of meeting a special lady. Both of these dance halls have been closed for a long time, but the lake remains a retreat for many in the summer and winter months.</p><br>
<p>Parga  is a town and municipality located in the northwestern part of the regional unit of Preveza in Epirus, northwestern Greece. The seat of the municipality is the village Kanallaki. Parga lies on the Ionian coast between the cities of Preveza and Igoumenitsa. It is a resort town known for its natural environment.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The present municipality of Parga was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Fanari</p><br>
<p>Parga</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 274.796 km, the municipal unit 68.903 km.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In antiquity the area was inhabited by the Greek tribe of the Thesprotians. The ancient town of Toryne was probably located here. The village of Parga stands from the early 13th century. In 1815, with the fortunes of the French failing, the citizens of Parga revolted against French rule and sought the protection of the British.</p><br>
<p>Ottoman rule in Parga and the rest of Epirus was ended in 1913 following the victory of Greece in the Balkan Wars.</p><br>
<h2>Castle of Parga</h2><br>
<p>The Castle is found on the top of a hill overlooking the town and was used to protect the town from invasions from the mainland and the sea. It was initially built in the 11th century by the residents of Parga to protect their town from pirates and the Ottomans. In the 13th century, as their control of the region increased, the Venetians rebuilt the castle to fortify the area. In 1452, Parga and the castle were occupied by the Ottomans for two years; part of the castle was demolished at that time. In 1537, Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa burned and destroyed the fortress and the houses within.</p><br>
<p>Before the reconstruction of the castle in 1572 by the Venetians, the Turks demolished it once again. The Venetians rebuilt it for the third and last time creating a stronger fortress that stayed impregnable until 1819, despite attacks, especially by Ali Pasha of Ioannina. Provisions for the castle were transported via two bays at Valtos and Pogonia. When Parga was sold to the Ottomans, Ali Pasha made structural additions to the castle, including a Turkish bath and his harem quarters which he built at the top of the fortress. On the arched gate at the wall of the castle entrance, the winged lion of Agios Markos is visible. Other entrance details include, the name “ANTONIO BERVASS 1764”, emblems of Ali Pasha, two-headed eagles and related inscriptions.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The city of Parga is built amphitheatrically, and is situated between the mountainous coastal region of Preveza and Igoumenitsa. It is known as the “Bride of Epirus”. In the summer, Parga receives tourists from Paxos, Antipaxos, and Corfu who arrive there by boat.</p><br>
<h3>Beaches</h3><br>
<p>Parga attracts thousands of tourists. In its vicinity, there are beaches including Valtos, Kryoneri, Piso Kryoneri, Lichnos, Sarakiniko and Ai Giannaki.</p><br>
<h4>Lichnos Beach</h4><br>
<p>Lichnos Beach is one of the beaches of Parga. It is located 4 km from Parga.</p><br>
<h4>Krioneri Beach</h4><br>
<p>Krioneri Beach is the main beach of Parga and is found a short distance from the town centre. The small island of Virgin Mary is situated across the bay.</p><br>
<h4>Valtos Beach</h4><br>
<p>Valtos Beach is one of the longest beaches of Parga. It is located near the castle of Parga. Because of its clear waters and short distance from Parga it attracts many tourists.</p><br>
<h4>Agios Sostis beach</h4><br>
<p>Agios Sostis is a small beach on the northwest side of Anthoussa village. A small church, built in the 14th century, is located nearby.</p><br>
<h4>Sarakiniko beach</h4><br>
<p>Sarakiniko is a well-known beach, located on the west side of Agia village, near a small river and olive trees, approximately 12 km from the town centre. Small boats connect the beach with the port of Parga.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The town of Parga is linked with direct suburban buses (KTEL) to other Greek cities and towns such as Igoumenitsa and Preveza. There are also indirect connections with Athens. Thessaloniki and Ioannina</p><br>
<p>Tourists arriving in Parga fly in from Aktio (65 km) with seasonal direct flights connecting Parga with Athens, Thessaloniki and other domestic and international destinations. Tourists also arrive via the Ioannina and Corfu airports.</p><br>
<p>Parga is located 10 km from national road and 34 km from national motorway.</p><br>
<h2>Municipal districts</h2><br>
<p>Agia (Agia, Sarakiniko)</p><br>
<p>Anthousa (Anthousa, Trikorfo)</p><br>
<p>Livadari (Livadari, Vryses)</p><br>
<p>Parga (Parga, Agia Kyriaki, Agios Georgios, Maras, Chrysogiali)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>The Searles Castle is located in Windham, New Hampshire, in the United States. It was ordered to be built by Edward Francis Searles. Construction began in 1905 and was completed in 1915. It was intended to be a 1/4-scale replica of the medieval Tudor manor of Stanton Harcourt in Oxfordshire, England, but since most of the manor had been torn down in the 18th century, the castle bears little resemblance to the historical structure. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 11, 1982 as the Searles School and Chapel.</p><br>
<h2>History and construction</h2><br>
<p>Edward Francis Searles hired architect Henry Vaughan to design Searles Castle. It is built of cut granite, fieldstone, and dark red sandstone, most of which came from Searles&#39; own quarries in Pelham, New Hampshire. The castle is situated high atop the 175 acre Searles estate. The cost of construction was about $1,250,000.</p><br>
<p>The castle consists of an entrance, a reception hall, a foyer, a dining room, a music room, a sun porch, a library, a grand stairway, a second floor guest suite, a third floor guest suite, a second floor rotunda (or balcony), servants rooms, a kitchen, a butlers pantry, butlers&#39; rooms, and a master bedroom suite which consists of a master bedroom, a sitting room, a bathroom, and a sun room.</p><br>
<h2>Later ownership</h2><br>
<p>When Searles died on August 6, 1920, he left the castle to his executive secretary, Arthur T. Walker. When Mr. Walker died seven years later, he left the castle to his niece, Iva C. McEachern, who sold it to real estate broker Frank M. Andrew in 1930 for $2,000,000. Mr. and Mrs. Andrews lived in the castle from 1943 to 1952, at which time it was sold to the Religious Order of the Sisters of Mercy. For a while, they used it as a novitiate for young women who were entering the Sisters of Mercy. From 1962 to the mid-1980s, classes were held in the castle. Due to water damage and other problems, the castle was closed for about five years. The roof was replaced, and in 1990 the decision was made to reopen the castle.</p><br>
<h2>Current uses</h2><br>
<p>In 1991, in an effort to restore the interior of the castle, a "Decorators&#39; Showcase" was held. Through the generosity of those interior designers and contributions received over the years from many benefactors, the interior of the building has been refurbished. Since that time, the castle has been available to the public for social, cultural, religious, and business events.</p><br>
<p>In November 2001, the Sisters of Mercy contracted David and Linda Kolifrath of Salem, New Hampshire, to organize and manage events held at the castle. At this time it was decided that operations would be expanded to include weddings and receptions in the castle courtyard in an effort to better utilize the facility, better serve the needs of the public, and to raise additional funds to further the charitable programs of the Sisters of Mercy.</p><br>
<p>Gutter Sound is a location in Orkney, Scotland, part of the vast anchorage of Scapa Flow. It lies to the west of the main harbour between the internal islands of Cava and Fara, and the large outer island of Hoy. Gutter Sound was the one of the sites of the mass-scuttling of the interned Imperial German High Seas Fleet in 1919, and the scene of a major salvage operation in the 1920s. Today the remaining wrecks make the Sound a popular diving location.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Gutter Sound is a body of water some four miles long and a mile wide at its widest point, and has a depth of around 30 meters in places. It separates Hoy and Cava in the north, and Hoy and Fara in the south, opening onto the Flow between Cava and Fara.</p><br>
<p>In the north it opens out into the Bring Deeps, while the south it joins Weddell Sound, between Fara and Flotta, and to Switha Sound, between Flotta and Hoy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the end of the First World War Scapa Flow was the anchorage for the surrendered German High Seas Fleet; these vessels were anchored around the island of Cava, in the Sound itself and in the Flow between Cava and the Barrel of Butter skerry. In 1919 this was the scene of the fleet&#39;s mass scuttling. 12 capital ships and a number of smaller vessels went down in the Sound itself, the remainder in deep water between Cava and the skerry.</p><br>
<p>A number of the sunken ships were salvaged by Ernest Cox during the 1920s. He used a variety of techniques, lifting the smaller ships with floating dry docks and hawsers. With the larger ships he patched all of the holes and then pumped the hulls with compressed air to force out the water and make them float upside down. Seven of the wrecks are still in Scapa Flow, and are protected as maritime scheduled ancient monuments.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War the Sound was again used as a Royal Navy anchorage, being the site for HMS Proserpine, the shore base at Lyness; it also served for the anti-submarine patrol forces and their depot ship, the Dunluce Castle.</p><br>
<p>Commercial salvage work on the vessels ceased in the late 1970s and further salvage is no longer technically possible.</p><br>
<p>Lyness is now the site of a Naval Cemetery, and a Heritage Centre detailing these events. it is also the site of a Dive Centre, as the seven vessels that remain are a popular target for divers.</p><br>
<h2>Diving the wrecks</h2><br>
<p>Today the seven remaining wrecks, though deep, make for popular and interesting dives for skilled scuba divers. In addition, debris and wreckage left from the ships salvaged is sometimes dived as well.</p><br>
<p>Paluweh, also known as Rokatenda, is a stratovolcano that forms the small island of Palu&#39;e, north of Flores Island in Sikka Regency in the province of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. While the volcano rises about 3,000 m above the sea floor, its cone rises just 875 m above sea level and is the highest point on the island.</p><br>
<p>The broad summit region contains overlapping craters up to 900 m wide along with several lava domes. Several flank vents occur along a northwest trending fissure.</p><br>
<h2>Eruption history</h2><br>
<p>Eruptions of VEI 3 have occurred in 1650 ± 50, 1928 and 1972. On 16 January 2005, there were signs of a pending eruption, causing the mountain to be placed under alert status.</p><br>
<h3>1928</h3><br>
<p>The biggest eruption (VEI 3) occurred on August 4, – September 25, 1928, the eruption caused a tsunami and earthquake. The population of Palu&#39;e island was 266 people at that period.</p><br>
<h3>2012–2013</h3><br>
<p>In late 2012 the mountain became quite active, spewing volcanic ash. In November 2012, and continuing into 2013, a 3 km exclusion zone was set up and residents living around the mountain were evacuated or moved to Maumere city on the main island of Flores. In the first 8 months of 2013 there was regular activity from the lava dome including repeated ash plumes – generally reaching altitudes of 2–3 km – dome collapses, explosions, avalanches and pyroclastic flows.</p><br>
<h4>August 2013</h4><br>
<p>On 10 August 2013, the mountain erupted for about seven minutes and spewed ash and smoke about 2 km into the air. The victims included three adults and two children but the age of the sixth victim is unclear. The bodies of the adults have been recovered from Ponge beach in Rokirole village but the remains of the children have not yet been found. A number of the island residents refused to leave the island after an earlier mandatory evacuation order had been issued; they had grown accustomed to the volcanic activity.</p><br>
<p>Tara  is a mountain located in western Serbia. It is part of Dinaric Alps and stands at 1,000 to 1,590 m above sea level. The mountains slopes are clad in dense forests with numerous high-altitude clearings and meadows, steep cliffs, deep ravines carved by the nearby Drina River and many karst, or limestone caves. The mountain is a popular tourist centre. Taras national park encompasses a large part of the mountain. The highest peak is Zborište, at 1,544 m.</p><br>
<h2>National park</h2><br>
<p>Taras national park was established in 1981 and it encompasses Tara and part of the Zvijezda mountain, in a large bend of the Drina River. The area of the park originally was 191.75 km&sup2; with altitudes varying from 250 to 1,591 m above sea level. On 5 October 2015, the National Assembly of Serbia adopted the new law of national parks which enlarged the Tara National Park to 249.92 km&sup2, by adding to it the protected area of "Zaovine Landscape of Outstanding Features". The parks management office is located in nearby Bajina Bašta. The protective zone of the park, which encircles it, is much larger and spreads over the area of 376 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h3>Geography</h3><br>
<p>The national park consists of a group of mountain peaks with deep picturesque gorges between them. The highest point of the park is the Kozji Rid peak on the Zvijezda mountain, with 1,591 m. The most striking of these gorges is the Drina Gorge, with its sheer drops from 1,000 to 250 m and extensive views of western Serbia and nearby Bosnia. It also encompasses the gorges of the rivers Rača, Brusnica and Derventa and the waterfall of Veliki Skakavac on the river Beli Rzav. The area is also characterised by karst caves, pits, springs, and breathtaking vista points (Kićak, Smiljevac, Bilješke Stene, Kozje Stene, Vitimirovac and Kozji Rid).</p><br>
<h3>Plantlife</h3><br>
<p>Forests account for three quarters of the national park&#39;s area, 160 km&sup2, some of them being the best preserved and well-kept in Europe. With 83.5% of the territory under forest, Tara is the most forested area of Serbia and thus nicknamed the "lungs of Serbia". The forest growth is among the highest in Europe: the total wood mass increases each year and the quality of the forest is enhanced. Cutting of the wood is strictly controlled. Since 1960, the total measurement of the wood mass on Tara has been measured every 10 years. From 1990 to 2000, the mass grew from 463.7 m3/ha to 476.4 m3/ha. Within the park, there are 9 reserves with an area of 29.5 km&sup2, or 16% of the park, where woodcutting is forbidden. Some of the areas are left unattended for centuries, making them basically a temperate rainforest.</p><br>
<p>Forests mainly consist of beech, spruce and fir. Tara also boasts a rare endemic Tertiary species, the Serbian Spruce (Picea omorika) which is now protected in the small area of the park. It was discovered by Josif Pančić in 1875 in the Zaovine&#39;s hamlet of Đurići. Because of its rarity and scientific importance, it has been placed under national protection as it can only be found on two locations on Tara: the canyon of the Mileševka river and on the Zvezda massif. Oldest trees in the park are the beeches,</p><br>
<h3>Wildlife</h3><br>
<p>There are total of 140 insect species in the park. Rare species include Pančić&#39;s grasshopper (Pyrgomorphella serbica), endemic cricket Balkan isophya discovered in 1882 by Carl Brunner von Wattenwyl and aspen longhorn beetle, which in Serbia lives only on this location. 135 bird species make their temporary or permanent homes on the slopes of the mountain, including golden eagle, griffon vulture, peregrine falcon, Eurasian eagle owl and black grouse. On Perućac lake on the Drina, there is a population of common merganser, with 50 couples. Tara is inhabited by 53 mammalian species, including the protected brown bear and otter, as well as chamois, roe deer, lynx, wolf, jackal, wild boar and marten.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Locality "Kremenilo", near the village of Višesava, is a prehistoric settlement, dated between 5,000 and 7,000 BC, as part of the Starčevo culture which developed in Podunavlje as the first agricultural culture in the Balkans. Mountainous Illyrian tribe of Autariatae inhabited the area during the Bronze Age. Though it is often mentioned that tara means "star" in Sanskrit, name of the mountain is derived from the name of the tribe. On the locality of "Borovo Brdo" near Kaluđerske Bare, a Slavic pottery from the 6th and 7th century was found. The medieval necropolis of Mramorje is located near the village of Perućac. As one of the most important stećci complex in Serbia, it has been protected by the state as a Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance. Another such necropolis is near the village of Rastište. During the Ottoman period, a "Bosnian road" passed through the area. The hamlet of Gradina, near Kremna, was the location of a Turkish arsenal and a caravanserai. They were destroyed by the Austrians in 1738. Due to the heavy forestation, during the Ottoman rule Tara was the hiding place for the hajduks.</p><br>
<p>For a period of time, Tara was an important railway crossroad. Exhibits from that period are kept in the, near the spring of the same name. They include the "maginot railway wagon" for the ammunition transport during the World War I or the German locomotive from 1928. There is also a Railway Museum in Mokra Gora, in the building constructed in 1916 by the AustroHungarians when they were building the narrow gauge railway in occupied Serbia. Known today as the Šargan Eight, it is a heritage railway and a major tourist attraction.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The main tourist points are Kaluđerske Bare on the north, close to Bajina Bašta, and Mitrovac on the south. Hotels Beli Bor and Omorika, as well as several smaller ones, are located on Kaluđerske Bare, while Mitrovac hosts eponymous children&#39;s recreation hotel.</p><br>
<p>The National Park can be reached from Bajina Bašta directly (by the Bajina Bašta - Kaluđerske Bare road), from Perućac via Bajina Bašta (by the Perućac - Mitrovac road) and from Kremna (the Kremna - Kaluđerske Bare road). The Drina gorge, which is an integral part of the park, can be toured by boat.</p><br>
<p>Interesting locally made items are woolen handcrafts, various dairy products, juniper and plum spirits and honey, particularly Pine honey.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Rača monastery is a Serbian Orthodox monastery built by king Stefan Dragutin (1276-1282) on the right bank of the Rača river. Three centuries later, a famous scriptorium, known as the School of Rača (Račanska škola) developed and flourished in the 16th and 17th century. The monks translated texts from Ancient Greek, wrote histories, and copied manuscripts. They translated and copied not only liturgical but scientific and literary works of the period so the history of Serbian literature is owing a lot to it. Turkish travel writer, Evliya Çelebi noted in his travelogue of 1630 that in Rača Monastery there were 300 monk scribes, who were served by 400 shepherds, blacksmiths, and other staff. The security guard included 200 armed men. It was damaged several times during the Ottoman period. During the Great Turkish War the monastery was partially destroyed by the invading Turks in 1689. In 1826 it was reconstructed due to being burned down several times. Gendarmerie lieutenant colonel Jaraković handed over the Miroslav Gospel to hegumen Platon Milojević in 1941, who kept it during the war. The Rača monastery is declared a cultural monument.</p><br>
<p>There are houses on the mountain, representatives of the folk architecture. House of Vukajlović is one of the oldest, built in the middle of the 19th century. It was constructed by Vitor Vukajlović, a meyhane owner from Bajina Bašta. House is not residential anymore and is turned into the tourist facility. It is noted for the writing near the entry doors "Slaviša, with his Mrs. Ana, lodged here in 1905", which is today considered as the oldest date when the tourism on Tara began to develop. Also, there are over 650 shepherd&#39;s huts scattered over the mountain, the oldest being from the 1700s. Earlier, there were also specific log cabins, called kućer. Instead on the foundations, they were built on the sledge-type pedestals, so they could be easily moved by the yokes or teams.</p><br>
<p>A mini hydro was constructed in 1927 on the Vrelo river. It became operational in 1928, powering Bajina Bašta, Perućac and Kaluđerske Bare. The Vrelo is considered the shortest river in Serbia, being only 365 m long, which is why it has been nicknamed the "Year". It ends with another attraction, a 8 m waterfall into the Drina, with a lookout and a restaurant above it. This section of the Drina is a starting point of the Drina Regatta, an annual event which grew into the major tourist attraction as in July 2017 it was attended by 1,500 vessels with 20,000 people on the boats and 120,000 visitors in total.</p><br>
<p>Zlatibor  is a mountainous region situated in the western part of Serbia.</p><br>
<p>Zlatibor is an important tourist area of Serbia, with resources for health tourism, skiing and hiking. The main city of the region is Užice, located at the foothills of the mountain, and most of the area belongs to the municipality of Čajetina. Town of Zlatibor emerged from a group of vacation homes into a full-fledged urban location.</p><br>
<p>Zlatibor is administratively divided into two municipalities within Serbia: Čajetina and Užice, in the Zlatibor District. The railroad Belgrade-Bar passes through Zlatibor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the Middle Ages, Zlatibor was known as Rujno, a župa that was part of Raška. The name Zlatibor started to be used in the 18th century, but its etymology is uncertain. It probably stems from the Serbian words zlatni (golden) and bor (pine). Pinus sylvestris var. zlatiborica is a subspecies of pine originating from the mountain, and is endangered today. The hill called Cigla near the village of Jablanica still has some borderline markings of the Kingdom of Serbia, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Zlatibor is located in the northern part of the Stari Vlah region, a historical border region between Raška, Herzegovina and Bosnia. It spreads over an area of 300 km&sup2, 27 mi in length, southeast to northwest, and up to 23 mi in width. Its highest peak Tornik has an elevation of 1,496 m. Zlatibor is situated between, and, and between and.</p><br>
<p>The southern and the eastern border of Zlatibor are natural – the rivers Uvac and Veliki Rzav. Villages of Mokra Gora, Semegnjevo and Jablanica mark its western border towards the Tara Mountain. Southern part of Zlatibor, extending towards the Zlatar (mountain) mountain, is referred to as Murtenica.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Situated at an elevation of just over 1,000 metres, Zlatibor is a climatic resort, characterized by a cool alpine climate, clean air, long periods of sunshine during the summer and a heavy snow cover in winter. Tourist facilities include modern hotels, holiday centers and cottages, sports grounds and skiing tracks.</p><br>
<p>Tourist era on Zlatibor officially began on 20 August 1893, when the King of Serbia Aleksandar Obrenović decided to establish a health resort on an initiative from the local hosts. To his honor, a fountain was erected on the place where he had lunch; it was later accompanied by a small lake, titled Kraljeva Voda ("King&#39;s water"). In 1945, it was renamed to Partizanske Vode after Yugoslav Partisans, and in 1991 the town received the current name Zlatibor. The area is a location of numerous hotels, villas, restaurants, open swimming pools and other sports facilities. Eventually, residents of surrounding villages of Sirogojno, Gostilje, Jablanica, Rožanstvo, Ljubiš, Tripkova and the town of Čajetina opened their homes to tourists and built other facilities.</p><br>
<h3>Tornik ski resort</h3><br>
<p>Tornik (Торник) is the highest peak of Zlatibor, at an altitude 1,496 m.</p><br>
<p>Tornik ski resort (Ски центар Торник / Ski centar Tornik) is located at elevations between 1,110 and 1,490 m. It has several tracks, four being covered by artificial snowing systems, with the total capacity of the about 5,400 skiers per hour. It is equipped with a six-seater chairlift, carrying 3,000 skiers per hour, and two T-bar ski lifts with total capacity of 2,400 skiers per hour. Along with Kopaonik and Stara Planina, it is one of the most popular resorts in Serbia and western Balkans.</p><br>
<h2>Protection</h2><br>
<p>The process began in January 2016 and in October 2017, the government placed part of the mountain under protection as a Nature Park Zlatibor. The land within the "protected area of exceptional importance" (IUCN Category I) is 56% privately owned and covers the villages of Semegnjevo, Jablanica, Stublo, Dobroselica, Ljubiš and Gostilje. The settled area is in the lowest, third level of protection while the first level of protection occupies 4,69% of the entire area, or 1,968.89 hectare. Within the park there are four regions: Viogor, Black Rzav, Uvac Gorge and Griža Gorge. There are also previously protected areas: strict natural reserve "Park Forest" (12.54 hectare) and natural monuments "Lira black pine" (near Nova Varoš) and "Three black pines - Dobroselica" (near Čajetina). The total area of the park is 41.923 hectare.</p><br>
<p>There are 1,044 species of plants in the park. The prevailing fauna consists of the autochthonous black pine forests and the mixed forests of black and Scots pine, which are categorized as a priority habitats by the Natura 2000. There are 18 species of amphibians and reptiles, 154 species of birds (42% of all bird species recorded in Serbia) and 38 species of mammals (40%). The park includes three cultural monuments and numerous objects of architectural legacy.</p><br>
<p>The park is bounded by the Uvac river on the south, border with Bosnia and Herzegovina on the west, mountains of Mokra Gora, Semegnjevo and Grude on the north and the mountain of Murtenica and Katušnica river on the east. Ribnica Lake and Čigota massif are within the park, while the towns of Čajetina and Zlatibor remain outside.</p><br>
<p>Mount Akutan, officially Akutan Peak, is a stratovolcano in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. Akutan Peak, at 4,275 ft, is the highest point on the caldera of the Akutan stratovolcano. Akutan contains a 2 km-wide caldera formed during a major explosive eruption about 1600 years ago. Recent eruptive activity has originated from a large cinder cone on the NE part of the caldera. It has been the source of frequent explosive eruptions with occasional lava effusion that blankets the caldera floor. A lava flow in 1978 traveled through a narrow breach in the north caldera rim to within 2 km of the coast. A small lake occupies part of the caldera floor. Two volcanic centers are located on the NW flank: Lava Peak is of Pleistocene age; and, a cinder cone lower on the flank which produced a lava flow in 1852 that extended the shoreline of the island and forms Lava Point. An older, mostly buried caldera seems to have formed in Pleistocene or Holocene time, while the current caldera formed in a VEI-5 eruption c. 340 AD. AVO has recorded 33 confirmed eruptions at Akutan, making it the volcano with the most eruptions in Alaska.</p><br>
<p>The volcano erupted most recently in 1992, but there is still fumarolic activity at the base of Lava Point and there are hot springs North-East of the caldera. In March 1996, an earthquake swarm was followed by deformation of the volcanic edifice, including a lowering of the eastern side and a rise of the western side of the volcano.</p><br>
<p>The Makushin Volcano  is an ice-covered stratovolcano located on Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands of the USA state of Alaska. With an elevation of 2,036 m, its summit is the highest point on the island. Makushin is one of the most active among the 52 historically active volcanoes of Alaska. It has erupted at least two dozen times over the past several thousand years, with the last eruption occurring in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>In 1792, Sarichev called the volcano "Ognedyshushchaya Gora" meaning "fire erupting mountain", i.e. volcano in Russian. In 1825, it was known as Makuschkin Volcano, possibly from the Russian word makushka, meaning "the top (of the head)". Its native name was Aigagin, a derivative of the word Aigak in the native tongue of the Aleuts.</p><br>
<p>Makushin was also the native village here on the northern shore of the Makushin Bay where the foreman or bidarshik of the Russian American Company lived. There were six huts (yourts) where 35 natives lived.</p><br>
<p>Alaska Volcano Observatory has identified "Ajagin Wesselow", "Makushin Volcano", "Ajagisch", "Makouchine", "Ognedieshutshai Gora", "Ayagsh", "Aiyagin", "Cheerful Mtn.", "Ayyagyh", "Ayagish", "Makuschkin Volcano", "Ognedyshushchaya Gora" and "Makishinskaia sopka" as alternate names for the Makushin Volcano. Specifically identified here are the four features namely, Red Cinder Dome, Pakushin cone, the Sugarloaf and the Point Kadin vents.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The history of the volcano has been identified with the early Pliocene age. However, the caldera of the volcano is dated to a comparatively recent history of 8000 years. The “Sugarloaf cone on the ENE flank, and a cluster of about a dozen explosion pits and cinder cones at Point Kadin on the WNW flank” is attributed to the Holocene age.</p><br>
<p>According to the history recorded by the Alaska Volcano Observatory: “The first episode began in Pliocene or early Pleistocene time (the oldest known age of lavas is 0.93 Ma ) and produced extensive flows and subordinate pyroclastic deposits of basaltic and andesitic composition, which enlarged the island by several kilometers along the northwest coast. Radial dips of flows suggest that Makushin Volcano itself was the principal vent area. The older flows are extensively glaciated, which implies a minimum age of late Pleistocene. The summit of Makushin subsequently collapsed, forming a caldera. Andesitic pyroclastic-flow and debris flow deposits occur in glaciated valleys on the north and south sides of the volcano indicating a Holocene age for the caldera-forming eruption."</p><br>
<h3>Activity</h3><br>
<p>Historically, Makushin is one of the most active volcanoes in the Aleutian Islands, erupting at least two dozen times over the past several thousands years, the last in 1995. In the 1987 eruption, which occurred on March 2, the plume rose to 900 m above the volcano. The 1980 eruption was comparatively of smaller magnitude emanating from a vent on the southern side about 60 m below the volcanic peak.</p><br>
<p>Although the volcano has not erupted since 1995, studies conducted between July 1996 and August 2000 recorded some 176 minor earthquakes registering between 0.1 and 3.2 on the Richter Scale, occurring on average 2 to 3 times a month. The hypocenters of the earthquakes generally occur in two cluster areas, the first is the larger and more active, located about 6 km southeast of the summit of the volcano at depths ranging from 2 - and the second, about 24 km east of the summit under Unalaska Bay occurs at depths of 6 -.</p><br>
<p>The volcano was climbed by English born American geographer George Davidson in 1867 who conducted some important geographical and geological research into the volcano area and the Makushin valley.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Makushin is located on the northern Unalaska Island, which is situated to the west of the town of Dutch Harbor. The Unalaska Bay, which is 10 km wide, separates the Dutch Harbor and Unalaska towns. The volcano is truncated, with a width of 16 km, forming the triangular northwest extension of the Unalaska Island. The caldera, which crowns the volcano, has a width of 2.5 km (3 km is also mentioned in another reference). Compared with the other Aleutian strato-volcanoes in the region, which have steep profiles, the Makushin volcano is a contrast that exhibits a broad and dome like structure with an ice field coverage of 40 km&sup2;. Fumaroles and hot springs in area form a roughly linear trend. About 8 km to the south of this volcano is the “composite Pakushin cone” that has multiple craters, which is 4000 years old eruption; pyroclastic flows and surges have been reported here. The southeast flank of the volcano has rock exposures, at 975 m elevation.</p><br>
<p>The pyroclastic flows deposited by the eruptions forming the Caldera have engulfed valleys in the eastern, northeastern, northern, and western valleys of the valley with depths up to 100 m. The northeast border of the volcano is also filled with volcanic lava, which is called the “Lava Ramp” spreading to an area of 50 km&sup2;. A subsidiary cone formed is the Pakushin Cone), on the south. In the east and southeast part of the volcano hot springs and fumaroles have been created, at the summit and in valleys. A valley of the same name stretches to the northeast of the volcano from Broad Bay in Captain&#39;s Bay and was identified as a glacial valley after a survey in 1873.</p><br>
<p>The terrain surrounding the volcano is very rugged but most of the surface surrounding the volcano is vegetated. However, it is generally less pronounced in the area of pyroclastic flows and deposits. Areas of short and tall grass grow in the volcano area, ranging from less than 20 cm high to over 1 meter.</p><br>
<p>John Muir, the Scottish-born American naturalist (1838–1914), in his book "The Cruise of the Corwin (1881)", has vividly described this volcano:</p><br>
<p>The closest town to the Volcano is the Unalaska town which is located 1,280 km from Anchorage on the Aleutian Archipelago at the northern end of the Island. It is situated on a well protected bay. This was at the cross roads of shipping and trade during Russian occupation (1741–1867). Dutch Harbor another important harbor town across the Unalaska town was a major naval base during the World War II. Fishing and crabbing industries have been the mainstay of the economy of Unalaska island.</p><br>
<h2>Research studies</h2><br>
<p>The high-temperature geothermal resources study of volcanoes in Alaska has covered the geothermal areas in the summit caldera peak and also on the southeastern and eastern flanks of the Makushin. It is recorded as a subduction-related volcanic arc in the middle of the great Aleutian chain.</p><br>
<p>Energy resources from the geothermal reservoir beneath the volcano have been assessed in a study carried out by the Alaska Power Authority to meet the power demands of the town of Unalaska and the Dutch Harbor. The study has established that such an energy generation from the geothermal resources would be cheaper than the diesel power system existing on the island.</p><br>
<p>Bogoslof Island or Agasagook Island  is the summit of a submarine stratovolcano located at the southern edge of the Bering Sea, 35 mi northwest of Unalaska Island of the Aleutian Island chain. It has a land area of 319.3 acre and is uninhabited by people. The peak elevation of the island is 490 ft. It is 1,040 m long and 1,512 m wide. The stratovolcano rises about 6,000 ft from the seabed, but the summit is the only part that projects above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first known emergence of the island above sea level was recorded during an underwater eruption in 1796. Since then, parts of the island have been successively added and eroded. About 2,000 ft northwest of Bogoslof, a small volcanic dome emerged in 1883 from the same stratovolcano and has become a stack rock formation known as Fire Island. On the southwest side of Bogoslof, another dome erupted in 1796; it is now called Castle Rock. Other eruptions have occurred in 1796-1804, 1806-1823, 1883-1895, 1906, 1907, 1909-1910, 1926-1928, 1992, and 2016-2017. The island is a breeding site for seabirds, seals, and sea lions. An estimated 90,000 tufted puffins, guillemots, red-legged kittiwakes and gulls nest here.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, President Theodore Roosevelt designated Bogoslof and Fire Island a sanctuary for sea lions and nesting marine birds. Together, as the Bogoslof Wilderness, they are currently part of the Aleutian Islands unit of Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. In November 1967, Bogoslof Island was designated a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service. The Bogoslof Island group was added to the National Wilderness Preservation System in 1970.</p><br>
<h3>2016-2017 Eruptions</h3><br>
<p>A series of short volcanic eruptions on a nearly daily basis took place starting December 20, 2016, producing towering volcanic ash clouds and volcanic lightning, changing the geography of the island. As there are no cameras or monitoring stations on the island and the area is usually overcast, details were uncertain. However, when the weather became favorable, it was seen that a small vent slightly offshore of Bogoslof&#39;s northeast beach had erupted explosively, fracturing the original island in two, and forming a new, smaller island to the northeast. Satellite images of the island showed that by December 25, 2016, the island had fractured into three smaller islands centered on what was thought to be the active vent of the eruption, gaining a net 1.2 acre, compared to its previous area of 71.2 acre. Bogoslof continued to grow in the following weeks, reaching a size of 108.0 acre on January 11, 2017, and merging again into a single island. As of March 11, 2017, Bogoslof is 242 acre in size, having more than tripled in size, and forming into a large circular island around the central vent, and will likely continue to grow. A significant explosive eruption began at Bogoslof volcano at 02:08 UTC on 20 February (17:08 AKST on 19 February). Seismic and infrasound data show a series of short-lived explosive pulses through 02:45 UTC; seismicity has decreased slightly since then. Recent satellite images show a cloud as high as 25,000 ft asl. A May 17 eruption sent ash 34,000 feet into the atmosphere. On May 28, 2017, another eruption sent ash as high as 35,000 feet and raised Aviation Color Code to red, its highest level. Ash that rises above 20,000 feet is a threat to airliners in the area The National Weather Service Alaska Aviation Weather Unit also issued an alert that the ash cloud may climb as high as 50,000 feet.</p><br>
<p>As of May 10, 2017, it was estimated to have an area of about 319 acres, or 1.3 square kilometers.</p><br>
<p>The Arctic Red River is the name of a tributary to the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories, Canada.</p><br>
<p>In 1993 the river was designated as part of the Canadian Heritage Rivers System. It was also the name of a community on the Mackenzie where the river joins, now known as Tsiigehtchic. The Dempster Highway crosses the Mackenzie at this point.</p><br>
<p>The Arctic Red River&#39;s headwaters are in the Mackenzie Mountains, from where it flows 500 km northwest to its confluence with the Mackenzie.</p><br>
<p>The river flows through a deep canyon as it flows through the Peel Plateau. The Gwich&#39;in name for the river, Tsiigèhnjik, translates as iron river. The lower 200 km of the river are navigable by kayakers and canoers, without requiring portaging.</p><br>
<p>Measured at a gauge about 90 km from the mouth,</p><br>
<p>the average flow between 1968 and 2011 was 158 m3/s. The highest recorded discharge was 3,000 m3/s in May 1991. The minimum flow was 9.32 m3/s in December 1973.</p><br>
<p>Fortuna Glacier is a tidewater glacier at the mouth of Cumberland Bay on the island of South Georgia. It flows in a northeast direction to its terminus just west of Cape Best, with an eastern distributary almost reaching the west side of Fortuna Bay, on the north coast of South Georgia. It was named in about 1912, presumably after the whale catcher Fortuna, and is notable for two major events in the 20th Century.</p><br>
<h2>1916</h2><br>
<p>In mid-April 1915, explorer Ernest Shackletons ship Endurance, carrying the 27 members of his Antarctic expedition, became locked in the polar ice in the Weddell Sea just off Antarctica. In the spring of 1916, as the ice warmed and drifted north, the ship was crushed. The party used the lifeboats to get to Elephant Island, a desolate, uninhabited island at the edge of the Antarctic Peninsula. There they were stranded. Shackleton and five others crammed into a lifeboat, the James Caird, sailed across the Scotia Sea for 800 mi, reaching South Georgia two weeks later. They landed on the islands uninhabited west side at King Haakon Bay. Poor weather preventing them from setting sail again to one of the whaling stations on the island&#39;s east side, which were the only human habitation on South Georgia. Instead they had to cross the largely unknown interior of the island. Shackleton beached his boat and with two others made his traverse of the island, crossing the Fortuna Glacier in the process. Thirty-six hours later they reached Stromness whaling station.</p><br>
<h2>1982</h2><br>
<p>When Argentina militarily occupied the Falkland Islands and South Georgia, the British Armed Forces recaptured the island in Operation Paraquet, thereby removing the Argentinian military presence and restoring the island to British Sovereignty. It was decided to land a mountain troop of Special Air Service and 42 Royal Marine Commandos on the glacier, to approach Grytviken from the most unlikely direction. After the troops were landed on the glacier in conditions of extremely poor visibility and gale extreme force winds on 21 April, their conditions deteriorated rapidly still further. During several repeated rescue attempts the following day by a Wessex 3 (Antrim) and two Wessex V (Tidespring) helicopters, the Wessex V aircraft crashed in extreme weather conditions. The Wessex 3, crewed by Lt Cdr Ian Stanley, Lt Chris Parry, Sub Lt Stewart Cooper and PO ACMN David Fitzgerald, succeeded in rescuing all troops and aircrew in an amazing feat of flying and navigation just before dark. On returning to Antrim, the Wessex 3 (which can be seen at the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton, Somerset) held 16 personnel instead of its normal 4 capacity.</p><br>
<p>Itea , is a town and a former municipality in the southeastern part of Phocis, Greece. Since 2011 local government reforms made the city a part of the municipality Delphi, of which it is a municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative division</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Itea consists of the communities Itea, Kirra and Tritaia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Itea is situated on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, 2 km west of Kirra, 8 km southwest of Delphi, 11 km south of Amfissa and 52 km east of Naupactus. The Greek National Road 48 connects Itea with Naupactus, Delphi and Livadeia, the Greek National Road 27 with Amfissa and Lamia. The community of Itea covers an area of 6.305 km&sup2; while the municipal unit covers an area of 26.351 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Halmahera Sea is a regional sea located in the central eastern part of the Australasian Mediterranean Sea. It is centered at about 1°S and 129°E and is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the north, Halmahera to the west, Waigeo and Irian Jaya to the east, and the Seram Sea to the south. It covers about 95,000 km and its topography comprises a number of separate basins and ridges, the chief of which is the Halmahera Basin reaching a depth of 2039 m.</p><br>
<h2>Extent</h2><br>
<p>The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Halmahera Sea as being one of the waters of the East Indian Archipelago. The IHO defines its limits as follows:</p><br>
<p>On the North A line from Wajaboela (Morotai) to Tg. Djodjefa, the Northern point of Halmahera.</p><br>
<p>On the East. A line from Tg. Gorango, the Northeastern point of Morotai Island, through Sajang and Kawé Islands to the Western extremes of Waigeo and Batanta Islands across to the Northwest point of Samawati Island, down the coast to Tg. Menonket its Southwest point, and thence to Tg. Sele, New Guinea ().</p><br>
<p>On the South. The Northern limit of Ceram Sea between Obi Major and New Guinea A line from ... Obi Major ... Tanjong Seranmaloleo its Eastern extreme, thence through Tobalai, Kekek, Pisang and Kofiau Islands to Tanjong Sele (), the Western point of New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>On the West. The Southern limit of Molukka Sea between Halmahera and Obi Major A line from the Southern extreme of Halmahera to the North point of Bisa (Setile) Island, thence to the Northern extreme of Obi Major.</p><br>
<p>The Ease Gill Cave System is the longest, and most complex cave system in Britain, with around 41 mi of passages, including connections only passable by cave diving. It spans the valley between Leck Fell and Casterton Fell. The water resurges into Leck Beck.</p><br>
<p>The first-discovered entrance, Lancaster Hole, was found by George Cornes and Bill Taylor on 29 September 1946. A small draughting opening on Casterton Fell, Cumbria, opened immediately onto a 110 ft shaft. Passages from the base of the shaft were explored over the succeeding weeks and months by members of the British Speleological Association, including Jim Eyre. The underground course of the Ease Gill (the local master cave) and high-level fossil passages above it were found and followed upstream to a series of complex inlet passages. In succeeding years, these have been connected to surface caves, including Top Sinks, County Pot and Pool Sink.</p><br>
<p>The cave passages adjoining the Ease Gill main streamway were connected to Link Pot and Pippikin Pot in 1978, and Pippikin was itself connected to Lost John&#39;s Cave by diving in 1989.</p><br>
<p>With its many entrances, the Ease Gill system offers cavers a wide variety of through trips; the Ease Gill streamway is regarded as one of the finest in the UK.</p><br>
<h2>Entrances</h2><br>
<p>Entrances include:</p><br>
<p>Top Sink</p><br>
<p>Pool Sink</p><br>
<p>The Borehole</p><br>
<p>Slit Sinks</p><br>
<p>Wretched Rabbit</p><br>
<p>Corner Sink</p><br>
<p>County Pot</p><br>
<p>Cow Dubs II</p><br>
<p>Cow Pot</p><br>
<p>Lancaster Hole</p><br>
<p>Link Pot</p><br>
<p>Mistral Hole</p><br>
<p>Pippikin Pot</p><br>
<p>Bull Pot of the Witches</p><br>
<p>Methana  is a town and a former municipality on the Peloponnese peninsula, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Troizinia-Methana, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 50.161 km.</p><br>
<p>Methana is situated on a volcanic (the Methana Volcano) peninsula, attached to the Peloponnese. Administratively, it belongs to the Attica region. The town (pop. 892 in 2011) is located north of the road connecting to the rest of the Peloponnese and Galatas. The highest point is 740 m (Helona Mountain). The municipal unit has a land area of 50.161 km² and a population of 1,657 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The largest settlements besides the town of Methana are Vathý (pop. 129), Megalochóri (115), Kounoupítsa (75), Kypséli (47), Ágioi Theódoroi (45), and Dritsaíika (205).</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Methana is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Kounoupitsa (Kounoupitsa, Agios Georgios, Agios Nikolaos, Makrylongos, Palaia Loutra)</p><br>
<p>Kypseli (Kypseli, Agioi Theodoroi)</p><br>
<p>Loutropoli Methanon (Methana, Dritsaiika)</p><br>
<p>Megalochori (Megalochori, Vathy, Kaimeni Chora, Megalo Potami)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Half of the entire peninsula&#39;s population lives in Methana town.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanic activity</h2><br>
<p>The peninsula is entirely of volcanic origin and contains over 30 volcanic eruption centers. The last volcanic eruption occurred near present-day Kameni Chora in 230 BC and a submarine volcano erupted in 1700. Famous writers such as Ovid, Strabo and Pausanias reported the last volcanic eruption in Methana. The peninsula is the northwesternmost of the arc of the Aegean islands of which the active volcanic areas are Methana, Milos, Santorini and Nisyros. In the future, Methana (and the area of the Saronic gulf) may expect other volcanic eruptions.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Since 1991, the peninsula has been investigated by the team of ETH Zürich geologically and cartographically. From this, a topographical map of the entire peninsula at a scale of 1:25,000 was made. An interactive was created and is on the World Wide Web. Also a rich photographic archive with about 10.000 color slides has been produced (see links below).</p><br>
<p>The panorama of the northeastern part of Argolis, southeastern and eastern Corinthia along with the southern part of the Attica peninsula and the Saronic Islands of Aegina and Salamis along with a smaller one and the mountains of the eastern tip of the neighboring peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Much of the peninsula is mountainous and bushy and grassy. The mountain range covers the central part of the peninsula and has a small ridge north of the seat. The residential area is within the sea. The pastures are around Methana. A mountain ridge is founded in the west and is about 3 km long with a stream in the middle and a cliff in the south.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest known settlement (near the village of Vathy) dates from 1500&ndash;1300 BC. The first survey was conducted by Michael Deffner, who discovered a large throne, among other artefacts. Many ancient sites were identified through the archaeological survey conducted in the 1980s by the University of Liverpool in association with the British School at Athens. The Acropolis Palaiokastro is located near the village of Vathy. The fortress is in Kypseli at the coast Akropolis Oga at the principal pace of Nisaki (Νησάκι, meaning little island). A Mycenaean settlement was excavated by Helene Konstolakis-Jiannopoulou in 1990 along with the chapel of Agios Konstantinos and Elenis. Selected artifacts can be visited in the museums of Poros island and in Piraeus. This site dates between 1500 and 1300 BC. In his History of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides tells of an Athenian expeditionary force under Nicias that after defeating Corinth (in 425 BC) built a wall across the isthmus to cut the Methana peninsula off from the mainland. In the Hellenistic period, the peninsula became one of the Ptolemaic bases in the Aegean when it was renamed Arsinoe. Traditionally, the population of Methana were Arvanites.</p><br>
<h2>Persons</h2><br>
<p>Giorgos Batis (1885–1967) singer</p><br>
<p>Lina Nikolakopoulou Lyricist</p><br>
<p>The Rainbow Bridge is a through truss bridge crossing the Neches River in Southeast Texas just upstream from Sabine Lake. It allows State Highway 87 and State Highway 73 to connect Port Arthur in Jefferson County on the southwest bank of the river with Bridge City in Orange County on the northeast bank.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the bridge began in 1936 under the guidance of the Texas State Highway Department. Due to concerns by the upstream city of Beaumont about the bridge posing a threat to ship navigation, the Rainbow Bridge was built with a 680 foot (210 m) main span. In addition, it has a vertical clearance of 177.0 feet (54 m), which was intended to allow what was at the time the tallest ship in the US Navy, the USS Patoka, passage under the bridge (however, the Patoka never did). However, the height of the bridge did allow the construction of jack up offshore drilling rigs at the Bethlehem Steel Beaumont Shipyard. With seventy-two (72) rigs built, the shipyard was one of the major sources of offshore rigs built in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was completed on September 8, 1938. The nearby town of Prairie View took on the name "Bridge City" in response. Initially named the Port Arthur-Orange Bridge, it received its current name in 1957. The bridge was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Veterans Memorial Bridge</h2><br>
<p>In 1988, construction began on the Veterans Memorial Bridge, a cable-stayed bridge. This bridge runs parallel to the Rainbow Bridge, and was dedicated on September 8, 1990. With a vertical clearance of 143 feet (43.5 m), the bridge is somewhat shorter than its neighbor.</p><br>
<p>After the completion of the Veterans Memorial Bridge, the Rainbow Bridge was closed for renovations. On its re-opening in 1997, the Rainbow Bridge became one way, handling westbound traffic only. The Veterans Memorial Bridge serves eastbound traffic.</p><br>
<p>Shenick Island or Shenick&#39;s Island is an island that lies east of Skerries, County Dublin, Ireland. It is populated only by seals, that harbour on the western side of the island and a few different species of seabirds nest there. It may be reached by boat but at low tide you can reach it by crossing a sand bank.</p><br>
<p>The most prominent feature on Shenick Island is a Martello tower. It is possible to climb into this with some effort. The martello tower is relatively intact however any wooden floors are long gone. The spiral staircase is still intact and access to the tower roof is possible. The old cooking grate is still intact but the iron grate is heavily rusted. The tower is exactly 1 mile from the great windmill in Skerries and approximately 1 mile from the Monument on Strand Street and the Martello tower on Red Island.</p><br>
<p>The Island had a population of four people in 1841.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Dale Head is a fell in the north-western sector of the Lake District, in northern England. It is 753 metres or 2,470 feet above sea level and stands immediately north of Honister Pass, the road between Borrowdale and Buttermere.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The North-Western Fells occupy the area between the rivers Derwent and Cocker, a broadly oval swathe of hilly country, elongated on a north-south axis. Two roads cross from east to west, dividing the fells into three convenient groups. Dale Head is the highest fell in the southern sector.</p><br>
<p>Dale Head is the apex of two hill ridges. The principal ridge descends from Dale Head to the north-east and forms several other fells, each given a chapter by Alfred Wainwright in his Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells. These are High Spy, Maiden Moor and Catbells (alternative spelling, Cat Bells). This ridge forms the western side of Borrowdale and overlooks Derwent Water. The other ridge descends to the north-west and includes the fells of Hindscarth and Robinson; it overlooks Gatescarthdale and Buttermere.</p><br>
<p>Dale Head is named for its position at the head of the Newlands Valley. This stretches away due north for three and a half miles before debouching into the floodplain of the Derwent between Derwentwater and Bassenthwaite Lake. The eastern wall of the valley is formed by the High Spy to Catbells ridge, separating it from Borrowdale. Entering on the western side are a series of side valleys which drain the main mass of the North Western Fells. The source of Newlands Beck does not however flow from the apex of Dale Head as might be supposed from the name. Instead it has its birth at the col between the main summit and the eastern top, High Scawdel (1,815 ft). The northern face of the fell forming the dalehead is ringed with crags. The main faces are Dalehead Crags and Great Gable, not to be confused with the fell of that name.</p><br>
<p>The southern flank of the fell running down to the summit of the Honister Pass road (1,180 ft) has much gentler slopes, although there is outcropping rock on either side. Buckstone Hows and Yew Crag overshadow the road.From the top of the pass Gatesgarthdale Beck runs north west to Buttermere while Hause Gill flows east to Seatoller and Borrowdale. Across the road is Grey Knotts in the Western Fells.</p><br>
<p>The ridge to Hindscarth departs north west from the summit of Dale Head, soon narrowing into the fine and airy Hindscarth Edge. Both slopes are rocky, that to the south being known as Molds. Far Tongue Gill descends from the north of the ridge, a tributary of Newlands Beck.</p><br>
<p>Although High Scawdel stands east of the main summit, the high ground takes a great loop to the south around the head of Newlands Beck. It then drives north to the depression at Wilson&#39;s Bield (1,655 ft) before climbing to the summit of High Spy. The rest of the North Western Fells bear no tarns worthy of the name, but Dale Head has two. On the northern slope near the source of Newlands Beck is Dalehead Tarn, while the smaller Launchy Tarn lies near the top of High Scawdel. Dalehead Tarn is a shallow pool providing a popular stopping place for walkers. Its varied flora include water horsetail, sedge and bogbean. Launchy Tarn is smaller and may have been formed by overgrazing and erosion of the underlying peat.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Dale Head stands at the junction of the two main Lakeland geological systems, the Skiddaw slates to the north and the Borrowdale Volcanics to the south. On the northern flanks are outcrops of the Buttermere Formation, olistostrome of disrupted sheared mudstone, siltstone and sandstone. Southward march the Borrowdale series beginning with the plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas of the Birker Fell Formation, visible near the summit.</p><br>
<p>The fell has seen extensive mining history. Dale Head Mine was driven below the northern crags for copper, several levels still being visible. Long Work was another copper mine a little further down the valley, worked for malachite and pyrite from Elizabethan times. On the southern flank of the fell, centred on the head of the pass, are the Honister Quarries. These are an extensive system of underground quarries, worked for Green Slate. The earliest extant records date from 1728 and since then huge caverns have been carved out on either side of the pass. The Yew Crag workings on the Dale Head side were operated until 1966, operations on the slopes of Grey Knotts continuing. In 1887 work began to drive a tunnel right under Dale Head into Newlands Valley, connecting with a proposed tramway to join the railway at Keswick. The scheme was abandoned after opposition from landowners. The main workers accommodation at the mine is now the Honister Hause Youth Hostel.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>One of the most popular ascent routes of Dale Head begins from the summit of Honister Pass, where there is a car park and a youth hostel. The route ascends directly alongside a fence for approximately 2 kilometres and would take the average walker some 45 or 50 minutes. Longer routes begin at Little Town in the Newlands Valley, climbing either via Dalehead Tarn or the old access track to Dale Head Mine. From Borrowdale a start can be made at either Seatoller or Longthwaite, ascending first to Launchy Tarn and High Scawdel.</p><br>
<p>Robinson is a fell in the English Lake District, its southern slopes descending to Buttermere, while its northern side is set in the Newlands Valley. Paths lead to the summit from the village of Buttermere, from the nearby summit Dale Head and from various locations in the valleys to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>According to influential guidebook author Alfred Wainwright, the name Robinson comes from a Richard Robinson who purchased estates in the Buttermere area many centuries ago. These included this unnamed hill which was then called "Robinson&#39;s Fell", later shortened to Robinson.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The North Western Fells occupy the area between the rivers Derwent and Cocker, a broadly oval swathe of hilly country, elongated on a north-south axis. Two roads cross from east to west, dividing the fells into three convenient groups. Robinson stands in the southern sector. The principal ridge in this group of fells runs east from Buttermere, climbing over Robinson, Hindscarth and Dale Head. It then turns north, descending gradually toward Derwentwater, the main tops being High Spy, Maiden Moor and Catbells.</p><br>
<p>Robinson appears bland from Buttermere, smooth rounded slopes curving up from the valley floor. Viewed from Keswick or Newlands to the north, its character is altogether different. From here the wall of Robinson Crags drops from the summit of the fell, a great chunk of the hillside seemingly missing.</p><br>
<p>The western flanks of the fell fall to Buttermere, the village itself standing on Robinson’s territory. The top and bottom sections are quite steep but the slope levels out at 1,500 ft to accommodate Buttermere Moss, in Wainwright’s words “ a wide marshy depression from which water cannot escape except by being carried away in the boots of pedestrians.” At the head of the lower slope is the subsidiary top of High Snockrigg (1,725 ft), a fine viewpoint for the Buttermere valley. On the south western rim of the Moss is Goat Crag, overlooking Buttermere lake.</p><br>
<p>To the south of Robinson are Gatesgarthdale Beck and the road up Honister Pass. This side of the fell presents a long and mainly featureless slope, although near the summit are the Hackney Holes, curious rocky depressions of uncertain origin.</p><br>
<p>Running south east from the summit is Littledale Edge an airy narrow ridge which connects to the neighbouring fell of Hindscarth. To the north of the Edge is a sharp descent into the head of Little Dale, part of the Newlands catchment. This valley runs north east, flanked by parallel ridges descending from Robinson and Hindscarth, its stream being named Scope Beck. Robinson’s north east ridge is rough and craggy towards the top before levelling out onto the grassy spur of High Snab Bank. This finally runs down to Newlands Church and the hamlet of Little Town. Beneath the nose of the ridge is the confluence of Scope Beck and Keskadale Beck.</p><br>
<p>Keskadale forms the north western boundary of Robinson and is also the route of Newlands Pass, crossing the North Western Fells from Braithwaite to Buttermere. Its summit at Newlands Hause (1,092 ft) lies beneath the northern edge of Buttermere Moss, from which the waterfall of Moss Force drops within easy reach of the road.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Robinson’s summit area is composed of rocks of the Buttermere Formation. This is an olistostrome of disrupted, sheared and folded mudstone, siltstone and sandstone. West and north east of the summit are outcroppings of the Robinson Member. This comprises large olistoliths of greywacke sandstone, with interbedded mudstone and siltstone. The southern flanks are a large area of landslip.</p><br>
<p>There has been considerable mining activity in the vicinity, particularly at the Goldscope Mine, but this has all taken place beneath the slopes of neighbouring Hindscarth. The remains of a small reservoir can still be seen in Little Dale. Robinson itself has a pair of short levels driven for lead, near to the south east corner of Buttermere lake. They appear not to have progressed beyond trials.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top is rounded and mainly of grass, but there are two low outcrops of rock with loose stones between. The more westerly of these is the summit and bears a cairn. There is another prominent cairn at the top of the north east ridge. From below this appears to be the summit, but disappointment awaits anyone so deceived by the convex slope. Fair paths run to Buttermere, Littledale Edge and the north east ridge, once the grass is reached.</p><br>
<p>The view is robbed of foreground by the broad plateau of the summit, but serried ranks of fells appear in all directions. All of the principal groups with the exception of the Far Eastern Fells are in sight.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Buttermere Village provides a popular starting point, a good path leading up via High Snockrigg. Conditions deteriorate at the crossing of Buttermere Moss, followed by a stiff climb to the summit. Another route from Buttermere begins further south at Hasness, working around Goat Crag to join the main path above the moss. Access can also be gained from the Honister Pass road, from a point near the first bridge over the beck at about 500 ft. From here a direct line northward will bring the walker to Littledale Edge.</p><br>
<p>The north east ridge provides an excellent walk from the Newlands valley, rising up successive steps. Finally a great deal of height can be gained by car, if the fell is climbed from Newlands Hause. The route ascends to the right of Moss Force, before the path is lost for a while in the Moss itself. A rough climb to the summit then follows. By passing the Moss to the west, Newlands Hause provides speedy access to High Snockrigg for fine views and perhaps a picnic.</p><br>
<p>Tavros , is a suburb in the southwestern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Moschato-Tavros, of which it is a municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Tavros is situated 3 km southwest of Athens city centre, 3 km west of the Acropolis of Athens and 5 km northeast of Piraeus. The municipality has an area of 2.125 km. Its built-up area is continuous with those of Athens and the neighbouring sburbs. The main thoroughfare is Peiraios Street, the old road from Athens to Piraeus. Tavros has a metro station (Tavros – Eleftherios Venizelos metro station).</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Tavros hosts the clubs Fostiras F.C. with earlier presence in A Ethniki and Ajax Tavrou with earlier presence in Delta Ethniki</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Maria Dimitriadi (1951–2009), singer</p><br>
<p>The Hasty Pudding Institute of 1770 is a social club for Harvard students.</p><br>
<h2>Aim</h2><br>
<p>The Hasty Pudding Club was originally established to bring together undergraduates in friendship, conversation, and camaraderie.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The society was founded on September 1, 1795, by Horace Binney, who was then 15, by calling together a meeting of 21 juniors in the room of Nymphas Hatch. The club is named for the traditional American dish that the founding members ate at their first meeting. Each week two members in alphabetical order had to provide a pot of hasty pudding for the Club to enjoy.</p><br>
<p>It is the oldest collegiate social club in America. Originally, the Club engaged in holding mock trials, which became more elaborate throughout time. This culminated in a member, Lemuel Hayward, secretly planning to stage a musical on the night he was to host the Club&#39;s meeting. On December 13, 1844, Hayward and other members staged Bombastes Furioso in Hollis 11, which began the Hasty Pudding Theatricals.</p><br>
<p>Throughout its history, the Hasty Pudding Club absorbed many others, such as the DKE and the Med Fac. In 1925, the Hasty Pudding Club absorbed the Institute of 1770, which was a similar social club. The Institute name is now part of the club&#39;s official title.</p><br>
<p>The Pudding is currently the only social club on campus that is coed and has members from all four years. Membership to the social club is gained through a series of lunches, cocktail parties, and other gatherings, which are referred to as the "punch process." The Pudding holds its social activities in a clubhouse near Harvard Square. These include weekly "Members&#39; Nights", dinner and cocktail parties, as well as its elaborate theme parties, such as "Leather and Lace".</p><br>
<p>The current clubhouse contains multiple rooms with specific purposes. Among these rooms is "The Arena", which is a room with no windows or openings to the outside world. "The Arena" is designated as the club&#39;s game room.</p><br>
<p>The club counts five USA Presidents (John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy) among its noteworthy members.</p><br>
<p>Conan O&#39;Brien has great disdain for the Hasty Pudding Club.</p><br>
<p>Grindstone Island is the fourth largest of the Thousand Islands in the St. Lawrence River and the second largest of the American islands in the St. Lawrence. The island lies near Lake Ontario and is part of the United States of America. In particular, the island is part of the Town of Clayton in Jefferson County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The island contains Potters Beach, a private vineyard owned by the Purcell family, summer gift shops, four active beef farms, historic but now abandoned farmlands, and private non-government conservation lands owned by the Thousand Island Land Trust (TILT). New York State&#39;s last operating one-room school was on the island and closed in 1989. The current number of year-round households on the island is ten, however the population climbs to 700 people during the summer months.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first known settlement occurred in 1804. The island was once considered to be part of Canada but, since 1823, has been recognized as part of the United States. Shortly afterwards a dispute over some harvested trees created a brief disturbance called "The Grindstone Island War" in which American militia attempted to prevent the removal of the logs. In 1831 the entire island was purchased by Eliza Evertson, the widow of Nicholas Evertson and the grandmother of Edgar Saltus, for $15,000. The Evertson family owned the island for over 40 years.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s the island acquired enough of a population to have two school buildings built, a lower school house (which is now a private home) by the cross-island bridge and an upper school house, which is now the Grindstone Island Cultural Center which gives out a scholarship once a year. The island also has a Methodist church founded in 1899 (with services on Sundays) with a Community Center (Dodge Hall) across the street (with dances on Saturday nights in the summer) and a no longer functioning Creamery and Cheese Factory. The island also has one of the few natural beaches in the Thousand Island region open to the public, Potter&#39;s Beach.</p><br>
<p>Lumber and granite quarries were important in the early economy. The island is a self-sustaining environment that operates on an honor system; however, infrastructure such as electricity is provided by the town of Clayton, New York. There are no bridges onto Grindstone (save when the river freezes), or formal ferry services onto Grindstone Island. There is a community dock (the town dock in Aunt Janes Bay) provided for visitors on Aunt Janes Bay - some inlanders who live inland on the island park their vehicles along the road. There is a normal US postal service delivery route onto the island Monday through Saturday.</p><br>
<p>The island also recently received street signs marking the island&#39;s few official unpaved roads. The people who live on this island are known to locals as "Islanders".</p><br>
<p>The Grindstone Island Upper Schoolhouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Grindstone Island is the fourth largest of the islands in the Thousand Islands region, measuring about 7 mi long and 3 mi wide at its widest point. The northern part of the island is near the Canada–United States border. The island is in the western part of the St. Lawrence river valley, and is located between Wellesley Island (New York, United States) and Wolfe Island (Ontario, Canada), about 1.27 mi from Clayton on the New York mainland.</p><br>
<h3>Thousand Island Land Trust holdings</h3><br>
<p>Thirty-nine percent of the island is currently owned by the Thousand Island Land Trust (TILT). Their 885 acre of private conservation lands are currently spread over different parts of the island. TILT currently owns Potters Beach (20 acre - the largest naturally occurring sand beach on the American side of the Thousand Islands), Potters Forest Preserve (200 acre), Mid River Farm Preserve (165 acre), Douglas Howard-Smith Preserve (130 acre), Rusho Farm Preserve (140 acre), Delaney Farm Preserve (80 acre), Heineman Forest Preserve (100 acre) and Grindstone Nature Trail (50 acre). TILT acts as a steward of another 900 acre of wetlands, forest and grasslands on privately held property through conservation easements.</p><br>
<h2>Communities and locations on Grindstone Island</h2><br>
<p>Aunt Janes Bay — A bay on the south shore</p><br>
<p>Canoe-Picnic Point State Park — A state park on the northeast tip of the island is currently only accessible by canoe or other small watercraft</p><br>
<p>"The cheese factory" — A once-active factory from when dairy farmers were abundant on the island. It was shut down when the farmers ceased producing milk.</p><br>
<p>Cummings Point — The tip of a short peninsula of the island on the southwest end</p><br>
<p>Delaney Bay — A bay at the northeast part of the island.</p><br>
<p>Dodge Hall — A community center on Northshore Road</p><br>
<p>Flynn Bay — A bay on the southwest end of the island</p><br>
<p>Grindstone — A hamlet on the north shore</p><br>
<p>Grindstone United Methodist Church — A church founded in 1890</p><br>
<p>Lower Town Landing — A hamlet on the south shore</p><br>
<p>Rusho Bay — A bay on the south shore of the island</p><br>
<p>Thurso — A small community reaching from Thurso Bay to the crossroads at the church</p><br>
<p>Upper Town Landing — A hamlet on the south shore</p><br>
<p>Kelud  is an active stratovolcano located in East Java, Indonesia. Like many Indonesian volcanoes and others on the Pacific Ring of Fire, Kelud is known for large explosive eruptions throughout its history. More than 30 eruptions have occurred since 1000 AD. In 2007, an effusive explosion filled the crater with a lava dome. It last erupted on February 13, 2014, destroying the lava dome and ejecting boulders, stones and ashes up to West Java about 500 kilometers from Mount Kelud. The crater filled with water in rainy season.</p><br>
<h2>1334 eruption</h2><br>
<p>The eruption history of Kelud is quite unique in Indonesian history, because it was one of the few volcanoes whose activities were recorded in Indonesian historical accounts. According to Nagarakretagama canto 1 stanza 4 and 5 (composed by Mpu Prapanca in 1365), King Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit was born in 1256 Saka, which corresponds to 1334 CE, the same year that Mount Kelud erupted. Prapanca argued that this was the divine sign that Batara Gurunata has manifest Himself on earth, reincarnated as the Javanese king. This account also describes the local Javanese psyche at that time (and even up to present) that regarded the natural event such as volcanic eruption, as the divine sign from the gods.</p><br>
<h2>1919 mudflow</h2><br>
<p>On May 19, 1919, an eruption at Kelud killed an estimated 5,000 people, mostly through hot mudflows (also known as "lahars"). More recent eruptions in 1951, 1966, and 1990 have altogether killed another 250 people. Following the 1966 eruption, the Ampera Tunnels were built (top and bottom) on the southwestern side of the crater to reduce (not drain out to empty) the water of crater lake and thus reduce the lahar hazard.</p><br>
<h2>1990 eruption</h2><br>
<p>A strong and explosive eruption on early February 1990 produced a 7 km high column of tephra, heavy tephra falls and several pyroclastic flows. More than thirty people were killed. Workers continued to construct the Ampera Tunnel despite the still-hot (90 -) pyroclastic flow deposits which reached as high as 25 m and buried the tunnel&#39;s mouth.</p><br>
<h2>2007 eruption</h2><br>
<p>On October 16, 2007, Indonesian authorities ordered the evacuation of 30,000 residents living near Kelud, after scientists placed the volcano on the highest alert level, meaning that they expected an imminent eruption.</p><br>
<p>Kelud erupted at about 3 p.m. local time on Saturday, November 3, 2007. The eruption was confirmed by the Indonesian governments Centre for Vulcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation. Although no visual confirmation was possible when the eruption began because the volcanos peak was shrouded by clouds, Indonesian government volcanologists said seismic readings showed an eruption was under way. More than 350,000 people lived within 10 km of the volcano. Surabaya, Indonesias third-largest urban area and home to one of the countrys busiest airports, is 90 km to the northwest. Although local inhabitants were ordered to leave their homes in mid-October, many either did not evacuate or returned in the interim. Many villagers were reported fleeing the area in panic after reports of the eruption. But by early Saturday evening, Indonesian officials said the eruption that day had not been very large at all. Seismological equipment near the volcano&#39;s crater was still operating, and scientists said that indicated a small eruption at best.</p><br>
<p>However, early Sunday morning, November 4, Mount Kelud spewed ash 500 metres into the air, indicating a full eruption was taking place. "The eruption isnt over," Saut Simatupang, head of Indonesian Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation Agency, said. Seismologists monitoring the crater said surface temperatures in Mount Keluds crater lake rose on November 4 to 60.7 &deg;C from 43.9 &deg;C on November 3. At a depth of 15 m, the temperature jumped to 66.1 degrees Celsius on November 4 from 45.9 degrees Celsius on November 3. The extreme heat created a cloud of steam and smoke 488 m high.</p><br>
<p>On November 5, new columns of smoke and steam erupted from the crater. Boiling water cascaded down the flanks of the mountain from the crater lake, and seismological equipment near the crater ceased working. Indonesian authorities said about 25,000 people remained in the danger zone, ignoring evacuation orders.</p><br>
<p>The following day, a lava dome rose through the centre of the crater lake atop the mountain. Closed-circuit television cameras showed the 100 m long oblong island had pushed about 20 m above the surface of the lake. The volcano continued to emit smoke, with plumes reaching a kilometre (3,280 feet, or six-tenths of a mile) into the atmosphere.</p><br>
<p>But after 48 hours of smoke and ash but no lava, Indonesian officials declared on November 8 that no eruption was immediate. Officials said the volcano was experiencing a "slow eruption" and was unlikely to explode as it had done many times in the past century.</p><br>
<p>By November 12, Mount Kelud began spewing lava into its crater lake. The lava dome, which had expanded to 250 m long and 120 m high, cracked open and lava began oozing into the surrounding water. Smoke rose more than two kilometres (1.2 miles) into the air, and ash dusted several villages around the volcano. On November 14, smoke billowed 2.5 km into the air, and light ash covered villages 15 km away.</p><br>
<p>The hot lava dome occupied the lake crater and, consequently, the lake disappeared.</p><br>
<h2>2014 eruption</h2><br>
<p>Kelud erupted on February 13, 2014. The eruption occurred at 22:50 local time (UT+7). The eruption sent volcanic ash covering an area of about 500 km in diameter, with the total ejectus estimated at 120000000 to 160000000 m3 being a VEI 4 eruption. Ashfall occurred over a large portion of Java island, from Malang to the east, as well as Central Java and Yogyakarta. The eruption prompted about 76,000 inhabitants to evacuate their homes. Two people were reported dead after their houses collapsed from the weight of ash. An elderly man also died from inhaling the ash, The ash also reportedly reached the western region of Java by February 14 afternoon, where traces of volcanic ash were found in Bandung and surroundings.</p><br>
<p>Ashfall from the eruption "paralyzed Java". Seven airports, in Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Surabaya, Malang, Semarang, Cilacap and Bandung, were closed. Financial losses from the airport closures were valued in the billions of rupiah (millions of US dollars), including an estimated 2 billion rupiah (US$200,000) at Juanda International Airport in Surabaya. Significant damage was caused to a variety of manufacturing and agricultural industries. The ashfall meant companies such as Unilever Indonesia had difficulty distributing their products throughout affected areas. Apple orchards in Batu, East Java, posted losses of up to Rp 17.8 billion, while the dairy industry in the province posted high losses.</p><br>
<p>On February 14, 2014, major tourist attractions in Yogyakarta and Central Java, including Borobudur, Prambanan and Ratu Boko, were closed to visitors, after being severely affected by the volcanic ashfall from the eruption of Kelud volcano a day earlier, in East Java, located around 200 kilometers east from Yogyakarta. Workers covered the iconic stupas and statues of Borobudur temple to protect the structure from volcanic ash. Owing to the ash, many tourists cancelled their reservations at hotels throughout Central Java. Tempo reported that hotels in Yogyakarta had posted losses of Rp 22 billion (US$2.2 million) as more than 80 percent of reservations were canceled owing to the ash.</p><br>
<p>Flow-up following the eruptions had begun by 15 February. Indonesian military personnel used water cannons to clear roads, and were later involved in reconstruction efforts in the areas surrounding Kelud. Ash from Yogyakarta was disposed in the depressions of fields in four villages located 5-10 km from Yogyakarta. Political parties vying for the April elections helped distribute food to victims of the eruptions. By February 20 most businesses and attractions which had closed owing to the ashfall had reopened, although cleaning operations were still ongoing.</p><br>
<p>The volcano&#39;s alert status was downgraded on 21 February, and the exclusion zone reduced from 10 km to 5 km. By early March most of the 12,304 buildings destroyed or damaged during the eruptions had been repaired, at an estimated cost of Rp 55 billion.</p><br>
<p>Marycrest College Historic District is located on a bluff overlooking the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. The district encompasses the campus of Marycrest International University, which was a small, private collegiate institution. The school was originally named Marycrest College, became Teikyo Marycrest University and finally Marycrest International University after affiliating with a private educational consortium during the 1990s. The school closed in 2002 because of financial shortcomings. The campus has been listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties and on the National Register of Historic Places since 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Marycrest was founded as a Catholic womens college in 1939 by the Congregation of the Humility of Mary (CHM) at the request of Bishop Henry Rohlman of Davenport. Mother Mary Geraldine Upham, CHM, who had been the congregations Mother Superior at that time, became the schools first president. She had previously founded St. Josephs Junior College, later renamed Ottumwa Heights College, in 1925. Sister Hazel Marie Roth, CHM was the first Dean.</p><br>
<p>Initially, Marycrest was organized as a division of St. Ambrose College, and it was incorporated as a separate college in 1954. The North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools independently accredited Marycrest in 1955 and said it "has the potential to be the Vassar of Catholic</p><br>
<p>colleges." St. Ambrose and Marycrest planned to merge in the early 1970s. They chose a new name for the school, Newman College, before the merger was discontinued and both schools remained independent of each other.</p><br>
<p>Marycrest opened with 76 students in 1939 and it grew to 935 students in 1961, the year that Mother Geraldine died. The facility in the same time period grew from 21 members to 67. As early as the mid-1940s, international students were welcomed to the campus. In 1969, educational opportunities were extended to men when the college became coeducational. In 1990, Marycrest College became affiliated with the Teikyo Yamanashi Education and Welfare Foundation of Japan and was renamed Teikyo Marycrest University.</p><br>
<p>It was networked with Teikyo campuses around the world and its mission was dedicated to international education without prejudice. The institution ended its formal association with the Catholic Church at this time, though many of the Sisters continued to teach and work at the university.</p><br>
<p>During the early 1990s, Japanese students formed a substantial part of the enrollment of the university. When Japans economy declined in the mid-1990s, enrollment at Marycrest also declined. In 1996, the institutions name was changed to Marycrest International University. This was an attempt to more fully reflect the global mission of the institution. It was also part of an effort to re-market the university in order to boost enrollment, which by this time had declined to approximately 500 students.</p><br>
<p>The campus was closed at the end of its 2001–2002 school year, as a result of continued enrollment declines and persistent financial difficulties. Many of the remaining students transferred to nearby schools, including Augustana College in Rock Island, Illinois. All of the academic records are now housed at the University of Iowa in Iowa City.</p><br>
<p>Marycrest International University was respected for its solid programs in education, social work, and nursing. In its later years, the university also developed an interdisciplinary program in computer graphics and web design. The campus newspaper was The Crest. Marycrest athletic teams were called the Eagles and included men and womens soccer, basketball, volleyball, and womens softball, competing in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). Annual traditions included Pig Roast, midnight breakfast, and A Taste of Culture.</p><br>
<p>Although the university is closed, the campus continues to serve an important role in the local community. In 2006, a residential community for senior citizens known as Marycrest Senior Campus was established in the residence halls. The Marycrest Campus became unified under common ownership and management in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Campus</h2><br>
<p>The Marycrest College campus was located on the crest of a bluff 16 blocks west of downtown Davenport and 15 blocks north of the Mississippi River. It was bounded on the east by the Riverview Terrace neighborhood, which contains medium to large single-family homes. To the north is a residential neighborhood of mostly frame single-family houses that were built in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The former German-American commercial district was further north along Washington Street. Division Street was the campus&#39; western boundary where the Putnam Museum and Fejervary Park are located. The south side of the campus is a steep bluff that rises 80 ft from West 10th Street.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The Marycrest campus was made up of 13 buildings. The earliest buildings were built around a rectangular-shaped open space. Newer buildings were built down the slope of the bluff, along West 12th Street to the east and finally across West 12th Street. The two oldest buildings were built as single-family homes that predate the establishment of the college. The Max Petersen House, known as Clifton Hill, is the place the Rev. Thomas Lawlor from St. Ambrose College acquired in 1937 for $50,000 for the new school. The house served a variety of purposes including a convent, dining hall, and music classrooms. The second house is the Dr. Kuno Struck House, which was also called Clifton Manor. It was acquired by Marycrest College in 1978 and served the college as a community center. This house is also 2½-stories, but is covered in pink-red brick and a rock-faced stone that is smoothly dressed. It is the only house in Davenport built in the Jacobean Revival style. Built in 1910, the house was designed by Clausen & Clausen of Davenport. The struck&#39;s garage, built in 1927 and used as a maintenance building by the college, is also a contributing property in the historic district. Both houses are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Residence Halls</h3><br>
<p>West Hall</p><br>
<p>The first building built specifically for a dormitory was West Hall. It was built as a two-story structure in 1941 by the John C. Tunnicliff Construction Company for $23,950. A third floor was added in 1958. It is connected to the Max Petersen House by a narrow single-story corridor. Measuring 39 by, the building follows a rectangular plan. Like all buildings built for the college through the 1960s its exterior was composed of a mottled red face brick that was manufactured by the Hydraulic Press Brick Company of St. Louis. It sits on a poured concrete foundation. The main facade faces to the north and is divided into three bays. The center bay projects slightly forward. The east and west elevations are divided into eight bays. Beltcourses separate floors on the end bays and the center bays are slightly recessed. Bedford stone is used for the beltcourses between the floors, the plain coping, the vestibule trim, and the lintels and window sills. A stone cross was originally located on the center of the parapet above the main entrance vestibule.</p><br>
<p>Lawlor Hall</p><br>
<p>The first building that did not front the central campus on top of the hill was Lawlor Hall. It sits 10 ft to 20 ft down the slope of the bluff from the Max Petersen House and West Hall. Designed by Davenport architect Raymond C. Whitaker, the first two floors were built in 1955 for $150,000 to house freshmen students, hence its original name was Freshman Hall. Once again John C. Tunnicliff Construction Company served as contractor. The third floor was added four years later with Whitaker again serving as architect and Tunnicliff and MacDonald as general contractors. The 164 by building follows a rectangular plan and has an exposed basement, which gives it the appearance as a four story building from the south. While it is a Modern architectural style building its exterior is composed of the same brick as West Hall. The flat coping of the parapet is covered with brushed aluminum. The main entrance is located in a recessed bay in a single-story section on the east side of the building and faces to the north. The north elevation is 10 bays and the south elevations is 13 bays. Most bays have a paired three-light window group. A few of the bays on the south side have single windows.</p><br>
<p>Rohlman Hall</p><br>
<p>Raymond Whitaker and Ken Wagner designed Rohlman Hall, which was completed in 1966 by O. Jorgensen & Sons of Clinton, Iowa. It is 30 ft down the slope from Lawlor Hall and 50 ft lower than the center of campus. The 197 by building has a total of six floors in two wings that form an L-shaped plan. The east-west oriented wing is three stories above grade and a partially exposed basement visible on the south side. The north-south oriented wing sits lower than the other wing and includes two floors plus a ground floor on the east elevation and a lower floor plus a basement floor beneath the ground floor on the south and west elevations. In many ways Rohlman Hall is similar in design to Lawler Hall. It is built of the same brick, it does not feature a standard main facade, the coping is covered with brushed aluminum, and most bays have a paired three-light window group. Like Lawlor, the main entrance is located on the east side of the building and faces north, but here it is located in a separate wing rather than a single story entry way. Two flights of concrete steps on the eastern side of Lawlor Hall connect to a 10 ft wide suspended concrete bridge that leads to the main entrance of Rohlman Hall.</p><br>
<h3>Mixed-Use Halls</h3><br>
<p>Upham Hall</p><br>
<p>The first building built specifically for college purposes was Upham Hall. It was originally named the Administration Building when it was built in 1939 and was also known as Liberal Arts Hall before it was named after Mother Mary Geraldine in 1963. The building was designed by Davenport architects Seth Temple and his son Arthur Temple in the Collegiate Gothic style. It was built by John C. Tunnicliff Construction Company for $165,000. Upham Hall rises three floors on the north facade, which faces the center of the campus, and four flours and a tall foundation level on the south elevation. The foundation of the building is poured concrete, the walls are of the mottled red face brick used in other Marycrest buildings, and Bedford stone trim. The rectangular building features a central pavilion of four bays that is faced with Bedford stone to the third floor. Extending to the east and west are wings of five bays each whose brick is laid in an English cross bond with alternating courses of headers and stretchers. The Tudor arched main entrance is flanked by simple stone buttresses with vertical ornamentation. Simple brick buttresses separate the bays on the west wing. The east wing is dominated by four two-story Tudor arched windows. They denote the location of the 300-seat auditorium whose stage is against the central pavilion. Upham Hall has been used for a variety of purposes including as administrative offices, classrooms, some of which were used temporarily as dormitory rooms, faculty offices, the first chapel, an auditorium, and a gymnasium.</p><br>
<p>Petersen Hall</p><br>
<p>Temple and Temple designed the concept of Petersen Hall to be built in three stages, which it was. The building embraces the Late Gothic Revival and Jacobethan Revival styles. The Temples completed the drawings for the first phase that was built in 1948 and for the second phase that was completed three years later. Raymond Whitaker completed drawings for the third phase that was completed in 1962. The first phase of the building is located in the center and is denoted by its four-story tower. The 186 by structure was built by John C. Tunnicliff for $250,000. It housed dormitory rooms on the west, a lounge and business offices in the center, the primary kitchen was located in the basement, and a cafeteria and a chapel on the east. The west wing forms the second phase that was completed in 1951 by Tunnicliff for $160,000. The 50 by section contained dormitory rooms. Priester Construction Company of Davenport completed the third section for $280,000 in 1962. It provided additional space for the cafeteria and chapel on the first two floors and dormitory rooms on the third floor. The building was originally named North Hall and was renamed in honor of the Petersen family around 1964.</p><br>
<h3>Single-Use Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Cone Library</p><br>
<p>Apart from residence halls, the Cone Library is the first single purpose academic building constructed on campus. Raymond Whitaker designed the building that was constructed by H. George Schloemer in 1958 for $250,000. The 186 by Modern structure follows an irregular rectangular plan and is dominated by large plate glass windows. The main facade of the building is divided into eight bays with the main entrance just off center. The entrance bay is set off by stone. The buildings mottled red face brick is laid in American bond with a header course on every sixth course. Another dominate feature of the building are the deep eaves that overhang the walls. Along the upper part of the wall is a wide band of stone. The window lintels are likewise stone. There are also three basement level windows in each bay, save for the entrance bay. The east side of the south elevation is composed of solid brick with no windows. It features a decorative cut stone design that portrays Marycrests insignia that is embedded in the wall. It was created by Sister Mary Clarice Ebert, CHM who taught in the college&#39;s art department. The front section of the main level of the interior was divided into three large rooms. They were separated by wood and glass panel walls. The periodical reading room was on the north, the main desk and card catalog was in the center, and the reference reading room was on the south. The stacks were located across the back of the building. The basement originally housed the student union in the south half and an audio-visual room, alumnae office, and receiving room on the north.</p><br>
<p>Walsh Hall</p><br>
<p>Raymond Whitaker was already in retirement when he designed Walsh Hall with the assistance of Kenneth Wagner. It was completed in 1964 by O. Jorgensen & Sons of Clinton for $650,000. The four-story structure housed science classrooms and laboratories. The 162 by building follows a rectangular plan with its main facade on the west elevation. The exterior brick is laid in American bond with a header course set between every fifth course. Parapet walls capped with stone rise above a flat roof. Brick piers separate the bays. The main facade is five bays while the side elevations are eight bays. The west elevation is composed of the main entrance in the center bay with windows similar to others found in the building above it. The center bay is flanked by two bays with a single column of windows centered in the bay. There is a combination of single, paired and triple window units in the building. The east elevation features window groupings similar to those found on the north elevation. The south elevation features an unusual arrangement of windows and stone panels that form a cross in the center bay. The clustered window groups have stone sills, frames and mullions. The stone beltcourses on each floor double as window lintels.</p><br>
<p>Nursing Education Building</p><br>
<p>The Davenport architectural firm of Charles Richardson Associates designed the building that was built by Priester Construction in 1973 for $1.9</p><br>
<p>million. The 103 by, three-story structure follows a rectangular plan. There is a single-story</p><br>
<p>lecture hall-auditorium that is attached to the west side of the building on the basement level. The exterior walls are composed of reinforced concrete and are partially faced with reddish-brown brick that is laid in a running bond. Both the north and south elevations are divided into seven bays and the east and west elevations are divided into three bays. The most dominate feature is the building&#39;s third floor that cantilevers around the entire perimeter of the structure. It is supported by square, pre-cast concrete columns. The building reflects the influence of the Miesian and New Formalism architectural styles. The widows on the first and second floor are panels of tinted glass, with vertical window pairs on the third floor. Matching entrances are located in the center bay on the north and south elevations. The building housed a television studio and control room, lecture halls, offices, classrooms, a student lounge, study rooms, a laboratory, faculty lounge, media workroom and conference rooms.</p><br>
<p>Activities Center</p><br>
<p>The Activities Center was the only building constructed on the north side of West 12th Street. Designed by the Des Moines architectural firm of Frevent, Ramsey & Dray, it was constructed by Priester Construction Company in 1978. The 225 by single-story structure followed a T-shaped plan. Unlike all of the other buildings on the Marycrest campus, its exterior is covered with brown corrugated steel. It features a broad gable that faces the street. The roof over the gymnasium portion of the building is also corrugated steel. The facility housed four combination basketball/volleyball/tennis courts, an ⅛-mile jogging track, a fitness center, and the student center. The larger gymnasium section is joined to a smaller wing off of the east side that housed offices. It is faced with mottled tan and brown brick over concrete block on the lower portion of the walls and corrugated steel above. The office wing is divided into three bays, and it is capped by a shed roof that extends along the south side. The recessed main entrance is located in the center bay. The building continues to house a sports complex known as Beyond The Baseline.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Kevin O&#39;Neill (MA 1983), NBA and collegiate basketball coach, formerly the coach of the USC Trojans</p><br>
<p>Jennell Bergwall (BA 1989), basketball star for four years</p><br>
<p>Leslie J. Hahn (BA, Summa Cum Laude 1989), volleyball star, homecoming queen, "The Crest" lead photographer, and Jennell&#39;s roomie</p><br>
<p>1985 men&#39;s basketball team 3rd place in the nation. NAIA division 1.</p><br>
<p>Hopen is an island in the southeastern part of the Svalbard archipelago . Hopen was discovered in 1613, probably by Thomas Marmaduke of Hull, who named it after his former command, the Hopewell.</p><br>
<p>The Norwegian Meteorological Institute operates a manned weather station on the island with a staff of four persons. For the welfare of the crew, there are three cabins available on the island for their use.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the Luftwaffe placed a meteorological team there under cover of Operation Zitronella.</p><br>
<p>On August 28, 1978 an early model Tupolev Tu-16 of the Soviet Air Force crashed on the island. All seven crew were killed in the accident. It was discovered two days later by the four-man Norwegian weather forecasting team. The USSR refused to admit the loss of an aircraft until the bodies of the crew were given to them. Norway transcribed the contents of the flight recorder over the objections of the Soviet government. Soviet Union</p><br>
<p>Military Plane Crashes in Norway October 27, 1978 Retrieved August 15, 2017</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>A significant number of polar bears are found at Hopen in the winter; moreover, the sub-population of Ursus maritimus found here is a genetically distinct taxon of polar bears associated with the Barents Sea region.</p><br>
<h3>Important Bird Area</h3><br>
<p>The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International. It supports breeding populations of black-legged kittiwakes (40,000 pairs), thick-billed guillemots (150,000 individuals) and black guillemots (1000 pairs).</p><br>
<p>Tragano  is a town and a former municipality in Elis, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pineios, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 41.475 km. Tragano is situated in a flat, rural area, north of the river Pineios. It is 2 km east of Stafidokampos, 4 km east of Andravida, 3 km north of Agia Mavra, 5 km northwest of Avgeio and 8 km northeast of Gastouni. It is 2 km southeast of the Andravida Air Base.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Tragano is subdivided into the following communities:</p><br>
<p>Tragano</p><br>
<p>Agia Mavra</p><br>
<p>Simiza</p><br>
<p>The community Tragano consists of the town Tragano (population 2,509 in 2011) and the small villages Markopoulo, Olga and Pigadi. Markopoulo is 1 km east of Tragano town centre. Its population was 125 in 2011. Olga is 3 km east of Tragano, and its population was 672 in 2011. Pigadi is 7 km east of Tragano, population 41 in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Sunwapta Falls is a pair of waterfalls of the Sunwapta River located in Jasper National Park, Alberta.</p><br>
<p>The falls is accessible via a 600-metre access road off the Icefields Parkway, which connects Jasper and Banff National Parks. The falls have a drop of about 18.5 metres. Sunwapta is a Stoney language word that means "turbulent water". The falls is most spectacular in the late spring when the spring melt is at its peak.</p><br>
<p>There are two falls, a lower and an upper one. The one most people see is the upper falls, as access is easier. The lower falls are a short distance away.</p><br>
<p>The water originates from the Athabasca Glacier, and volumes are higher in early summer because of glacial melting.</p><br>
<p>It is a Class 6 waterfall, with a drop of 60 ft and a width of 30 ft.</p><br>
<p>Moel Siabod is a mountain in Snowdonia, North Wales, which sits isolated above the villages of Betws-y-Coed and Capel Curig. At 872m it is the highest peak in the Moelwynion mountain range. The UK National Mountain Centre, Plas-y-Brenin, is located at the foot of Moel Siabod. From the top of the mountain, it is reputedly possible to see 13 of the 14 highest peaks in Wales on a clear day without turning one&#39;s head.</p><br>
<p>The name Moel Siabod is frequently translated as shapely hill, although William Williams in Observations on the Snowdon Mountains (1802) proposed that the name comes from siadod, meaning bare hill, whose head or crown is covered in new-fallen snow.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is easily accessible from the north via Capel Curig and nearby Pont Cyfyng (by a separate but similar path) and from the south via Dolwyddelan.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The highest part of the mountain forms a relatively level, rocky ridge approximately 800 m long, running roughly south-west (from the summit) to north-east. At the north-eastern end of this main ridge there is a fairly steep descent towards Pont Cyfyng. At the south-west edge of the main ridge there is a further, much steeper ridge that branches off to the east, as well as several precipitous cliffs.</p><br>
<p>The north-west side of the main ridge is relatively gentle and supports a variety of flora and has numerous paths. The south-east side has many sharp drops down to a hanging valley. This valley, fenced in on two sides by the main ridge and the ridge running east from the summit, is at roughly 500 m above sea level and contains Llyn-y-foel (Welsh for lake of the mountain). There is both a steep descent, following a stream that emerges from the lake to the south-east, and a gentle descent, to the north-east, from this valley.</p><br>
<h2>Terrain</h2><br>
<p>As mentioned above, the two main ridges are fairly rocky; an ascent up the minor ridge will usually require the use of hands, as will the ascent to Llyn-y-foel from the Dolwyddelan path. The terrain around the lake is prone to be boggy, especially on the northern side, and the path to the lake from Pont Cyfyng frequently turns into a flowing stream.</p><br>
<h2>Paths</h2><br>
<p>There are several routes to the top of Moel Siabod, only one of which is marked on the local Ordnance Survey map. All of the paths below, excluding the route from Llyn-y-foel directly onto the minor ridge, are marked on the Snowdonia Snowdon and the Moelwynion Harvey SuperWalker map.</p><br>
<h3>From Capel Curig</h3><br>
<p>The most popular route starts from the Plas-y-Brenin National Mountaineering Centre in Capel Curig, and is therefore used for guided excursions. It is the gentlest of the three most common routes and is the only one marked on the OS maps.</p><br>
<p>Leaving the centre, the route crosses the river Llygwy via the ancient bridge "Pont-y-Bala&quot it almost immediately enters Forestry Commission land and follows a variety of dirt tracks and footpaths before exiting onto open access land and continuing south up the grassy northern side of the mountain.</p><br>
<h3>From Pont Cyfyng</h3><br>
<p>A well marked turning onto a very steep tarmacked road in the village of Pont Cyfyng (not the first turning with the pedestrian sign) marks the beginning of this route, with a footpath leaving the road after about 100 m. This footpath forks, with one route taking a sharp ascent onto the main ridge and one a more gentle route up through an abandoned slate mine and up to Llyn-y-foel from where there are several paths to the summit (not marked on the OS map) via the minor ridge to the east.</p><br>
<h3>From Dolwyddelan</h3><br>
<p>A large part of the horizontal distance covered on this route is on Forestry Commission land to the north of Dolwyddelan and the south of the mountain. Along the dirt tracks through this land there is a fork signposted "Moel Siabod" (left) or "Capel Curig" (right). The latter path leads first of all to Pont Cyfyng, where it is possible to join the path above, or continue to Capel Curig and join the first route. The former path is a more direct route to the summit. This path continues on dirt tracks for a while before heading onto a footpath through the forest and thence onto access land. At this point, the path - which occasionally requires the use of hands to get up the rocky path - follows a stream which originates at Llyn-y-foel.</p><br>
<h3>Paths from Llyn-y-foel to the summit</h3><br>
<p>There are numerous tracks around the lake which will allow a walker to get from any point at the lake to any other without too much trouble. The main route from the lake to the summit heads to the south of the lake and then turns sharply right and ascends the minor ridge to the summit. There is a further, more obscure path that ascends very steeply over rockfalls and some scree directly onto the ridge from the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>Duncton Wood</p><br>
<p>Vesterålen is a district and archipelago in Nordland county, Norway. It is located just north of the Lofoten district and archipelago and west of the city of Harstad. It is the northernmost part of Nordland county.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Old Norse forms of the name were Vestráll and Vestrálar (plural). The first element is vestr which means "west" and the last element is áll which means "(deep and narrow) sound" or "strait". The name describes the seaway west of the island of Hinnøya. The old name of the seaway east of Hinnøya (now called Tjeldsundet) might have been Austráll (meaning "the eastern sound/strait").</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Vesterålen consists of the municipalities of Andøy, Bø, Hadsel, Sortland, and Øksnes. According to some definitions, Lødingen is also included. Vesterålen is made up of several islands: Langøya, Andøya, Hadseløya, the western part of Hinnøya, the northern part of Austvågøya and several smaller islands.</p><br>
<p>The landscape is mountainous, but the mountains have a more rounded shape compared to the mountains in Lofoten. The towns and villages are situated on the coastal brim (Strandflaten) between the mountains and the fjords. There are also several lakes, such as Alsvågvatnet. Møysalen National Park is partly located in Vesterålen (). The climate in Vesterålen is maritime, with mild winters considering this archipelago is well north of the arctic circle. In Stokmarknes (Hadsel), January average is -1.8 &deg;C, July 24-hr average is 12.3 &deg;C, year average is 4.3 &deg;C and precipitation is 1,220 mm with autumn as the wettest season.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Vesterålen is connected to the mainland and Evenes airport by bridges. It is connected to Lofoten by ferry, although since the opening of the Lofast road in December 2007, Lofoten can also be reached by road.</p><br>
<p>The coastal steamer Hurtigruten calls at the ports of Stokmarknes, Sortland, and Risøyhamn in Vesterålen. There are two regional airports: Stokmarknes Airport, Skagen for small aircraft, and Andenes Airport on Andøya.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The population in Vesterålen as of 1 January 2004 was 30,648 according to Statistisk Sentralbyrå) The largest town is Sortland, but the regional hospital is in nearby Stokmarknes in Hadsel municipality. The Royal Norwegian Air Force has based all its P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft at Andøya Air Station, and Andøya Rocket Range is also located at Andøya. The Norwegian Coast Guard has its northern base at Sortland (Kystvaktskvadron Nord).</p><br>
<p>Fishing, in particular cod fisheries, has always been important in Vesterålen. There is also fish farming, and some agriculture in Vesterålen.</p><br>
<h2>Media gallery</h2><br>
<p>Vettisfossen is one of Norway&#39;s tallest waterfalls, and the 284th tallest in the world. It is located in the Jotunheimen mountain range inside the Utladalen Landscape Protection Area in the municipality of Årdal in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The waterfall has a single drop of 275 m.</p><br>
<p>Vettisfossen is the tallest free-falling waterfall in Europe and in Norway which consists of only one drop, that is entirely free-falling, is not regulated and flows with a considerable volume.</p><br>
<h2>How to reach</h2><br>
<p>The waterfall can be accessed by a walking tour of about one hour from Øvre Årdal up the Utladalen valley. The name of the waterfall comes from the Vetti farm, which is located near the base of the waterfall. The mountain farm Vettismorki is also located nearby, just above the falls.</p><br>
<p>From Vetti gard the trail to Vettisfossen becomes much more rocky. The trail drops back down to the river and follows along the rocky bank for about 1 km to the outwash plain at the base of the Vettisfossen (the left side of the river Fosselvi). The trail basically ends there. But if one wants to see Vettisfossen waterfall, one can do it only from the opposite side of Fosselvi river, but under no circumstances should attempts be made to cross the river outside of the absolute lowest flow periods.</p><br>
<p>Lake Narach  is a lake in north-western Belarus , located in the basin of the Viliya river. It is the largest lake in Belarus .</p><br>
<p>Narach is a part of the Narach lake group (the others being Miastra (Мястра), Batoryn (Баторын), Blednaje (Бледнае)). It was formed about 11 thousand years ago after the Pleistocene ice ages. It has a surface area of 79.6 km, a wider length of 12.8 km, a maximum depth of 24.8 m, average depth of 8.9 m, a volume of 710 million cubic meters. The lake is surrounded with pine forests. The Narach River flows out of it.</p><br>
<p>Narach is an abode of 22 genera of fish, as the eel, pike, burbot, etc. The shore and islets are nested by different birds, as the mute swan, fish hawk, tarrock, dabchick.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>People settled near the lake about 10 thousand years ago. Linguists think that its name is probably from the Indo-European root *nar- often found in names of bodies of water (e.g., the Nara and Neris rivers). Archaeologists have excavated many burial mounds of the Baltic and Slavic people that lived around Narach.</p><br>
<p>Since the Middle Ages, the local inhabitants have lived mainly by fishing and farming. In the 19th century, the most profitable work was fishing of crayfish. In the 20th century, the eel became the main marketable fish.</p><br>
<p>During World War I, the surrounding area was a focal point of the Lake Naroch Offensive (March–April 1916), an inconclusive offensive operation mounted by forces of the Imperial Russian Army against the German army.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, German composer Siegfried Wagner set to music a poem by Günther Holstein (1892-1931) about a military battle, called Nacht am Narocz (Night at lake Narach).</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, the fishers of Narach rose against Polish authorities defending their right to exploit the lake.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1950s, the lake has become a popular resort and tourism site, located in the resort town of Narach. A Young Pioneer camp of national importance Zubryonok was located near the lake. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union the camp was reformed into the National Childrens Recreational Camp "Zubrania", which is now the most important childrens recreational camp in Belarus.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, the government of Belarus created the Narachanski National Park.</p><br>
<p>Mount Okmok is the highest point on the rim of Okmok Caldera  on the northeastern part of Umnak Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands of Alaska. This 5.8 mile  wide circular caldera truncates the top of a large shield volcano. A crater lake once filled much of the caldera, but the lake ultimately drained through a notch eroded in the northeast rim. The prehistoric lake attained a maximum depth of about 150 m  and the upper surface reached an elevation of about 475 m , at which point it overtopped the low point of the caldera rim. Small, shallow remnants of the lake remained north of Cone D at an altitude of about 1075 feet: a small shallow lake located between the caldera rim and Cone D; a smaller lake  farther north near the caldera&#39;s gate. After the 2008 eruption, the hydrogeology of the caldera was greatly changed with five separate sizable lakes now emplaced. In addition to the caldera lakes, Cone A, Cone E, Cone G and the new 2008 vent on Cone D contain small crater lakes.</p><br>
<p>The last major eruptions of Okmok—with a VEI strength of 6—occurred 8,300 and 2,400 years Before Present.</p><br>
<p>Following the formation of the caldera, numerous satellite cones and lava domes have formed on the flanks of the volcano. They include Mount Tulik (1,253 m), Mount Idak (585 m), and Jag Peak. Mount Tulik erupted in 1936.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is currently rated by the Alaska Volcano Observatory as Aviation Alert Level Green and Volcanic-alert Level Normal.</p><br>
<h2>July 2008 eruption</h2><br>
<p>On Saturday, July 12, 2008, Okmok Caldera exploded without warning, sending a plume of ash to 50,000 ft into the air.</p><br>
<p>During the following five and a half days of nearly continuous eruption, residents of Nikolski (47 miles southwest) were stranded for periods of up to three weeks; Unalaska (73 miles northeast) was repeatedly dusted with ash and flights into and out of this major fishing hub were frequently disrupted; floating rafts of scoria and low visibility prompted the Coast Guard to close Umnak Pass to marine traffic; and the Bering Pacific cattle ranch on the flanks of Okmok was periodically evacuated, once during noon-time darkness caused by heavy ash fall. The eruption ended in August 2008. It had a VEI of 4, giving it a rating of "cataclysmic." No lava flow was reported in this eruption, though the volcano has issued flows in the past.</p><br>
<p>The eruption took place at a new vent in the northeast part of the caldera, creating a roughly 800 ft high cone, dramatically altering caldera hydrology, and discharging huge lahars, or volcanic mudflows, running from the caldera to the coast. In contrast, all 20th-century eruptions have been from a cone near the southern rim of the caldera. The 2008 eruption was by far the largest eruption at Okmok since at least the early 13th century.</p><br>
<p>Mount Cleveland  is a nearly symmetrical stratovolcano on the western end of Chuginadak Island, which is part of the Islands of Four Mountains just west of Umnak Island in the Fox Islands of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. Mt. Cleveland is 1,730 m high, and one of the most active of the 75 or more volcanoes in the larger Aleutian Arc. Aleutian natives named the island after their fire goddess, Chuginadak, who they believed inhabited the volcano. In 1894 a team from the USA Coast and Geodetic Survey visited the island and gave Mount Cleveland its current name, after then-president Grover Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>One of the most active volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc, Cleveland has erupted at least 22 times in the last 230 years. A VEI 3 eruption in 1944 produced the arcs only known volcanic fatality. Most recently Mount Cleveland has erupted three times in 2009, twice in 2010, once in 2011 and in 2016 and 2017. The volcanos remoteness limits opportunities for its study, and the Alaska Volcano Observatory relies heavily on satellites for monitoring. The volcano is primarily hazardous to aircraft; many of the flights over the north Pacific approach the vicinity of the volcano, and volcanic ash released from eruptions can damage sensitive electronic equipment and sensors.</p><br>
<h2>Geological setting</h2><br>
<p>Mount Cleveland is located 490 km from the western end of the Aleutian Arc,</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The native Aleut name for Mount Cleveland is Chuginadak (the name currently given to the island as a whole), referring to the Aleut fire goddess, thought to reside in the volcano. The volcano&#39;s name is a reference to its constant activity, and shows that it was likely highly active even in the distant past. The "Islands of Four Mountains" name, the geographic group name for Cleveland and its neighbors, was given to the islands by Russian cartographers in the 19th century. Its current name, Mount Cleveland, was given to it by a USA Coast and Geodetic Survey expedition in 1894, when it was originally observed by the USS Concord; like the other volcanoes in the Four Islands group, Mount Cleveland was named after prominent American politicians at the time, Cleveland having been named after then-president Grover Cleveland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and structure</h2><br>
<p>Mount Cleveland is an almost symmetrical andesite stratovolcano in the Islands of Four Mountains, a volcanic group in the Aleutian Arc. The island is completely uninhabited; the nearest settlement is Nikolski on Umnak Island, about 75 km eastward.</p><br>
<p>Mount Cleveland is 8 - wide at its base and roughly 29 km3 in volume. The volcanos slope increases markedly with height, from 19° at its lower flanks to 35° near its summit. Like many other Aleutian volcanoes, Clevelands flanks are especially rough up to 300 m, covered by multiple overlapping lava flows and debris fans that form an apron around the mountain. Lava flows are always built on top of debris flows as a result of the snow melt caused by the emission of heat just before an eruption. The flows are generally short, under 1 km, and thin, less than 10 m thick, and are somewhat vegetated. Although Mount Cleveland is the tallest mountain in the group, it is rarely completely snowed in because of its constant activity disrupts snowfall. A lack of extant erosion shows that Mount Cleveland is likely a Holocene volcano, forming within the last 10,000 years. All known events have occurred at Mount Cleveland&#39;s summit vent, but there are at least five small andesite to dacite volcanic domes on the lower flanks. At times Cleveland has had a summit lava dome. The volcano has no caldera.</p><br>
<p>The eastern half of Chuginadak, to which Mount Cleveland is connected by a narrow isthmus, consists of several low-lying volcanic cones that have been heavily eroded, partly by glaciers.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Eruptions from Mount Cleveland are generally vulcanian and strombolian in nature, characterized by short explosive ash clouds sometimes accompanied by a&#39;a flows, lava fountains, pyroclastic flows, ash and steam emissions, lava dome growth, and the ejection of breadcrust bombs. Hot springs were reportedly found on the volcano in the 1800s, and persistent fumarolic activity was observed in the 1980s and 1990s. Mount Cleveland is a site of persistent steam emissions and thermal anomalies that represent constant background activity. During 2011, a summit lava dome formed, by continuous intrusion of magma at the summit. Late in 2011, nearly 6 explosions demolished the dome. In June 2012, another small dome was observed.</p><br>
<p>Little is known about Cleveland&#39;s early eruptive history as its remoteness makes it a difficult area to investigate, and discrepancies in names have caused confusion between events there and those on nearby Carlisle. Even today, not all possible events are confirmed as eruptions by the Alaska Volcano Observatory, and many are listed as "possible." In observed history, Mount Cleveland may have first erupted in 1744; the first confirmed eruption occurred in 1828. The volcano erupted again in 1836 (possibly), 1893, 1897 (possibly), 1929 (possibly), 1932, and 1938 (possibly).</p><br>
<p>The first notable eruption from Mount Cleveland was a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 3 Vulcanian eruption that occurred between June 10 and June 13, 1944. Lava flows extended 5 km from the summit, and an ash plume 6,000 m high was produced. Large boulders were reportedly ejected and carried out to sea by eruptive force. The eruption had the distinction of being the only confirmed direct volcanic fatality in Alaska; a small detachment from the Eleventh Air Force was stationed on the volcano at the time, and one Sergeant Purchase left his post early in the eruption to take a walk and never returned, probably killed by mudslides. At approximately 10:20, a boat sent to search for Purchase witnessed the end of the eruption. The island was abandoned for the remainder of the war.</p><br>
<p>Mount Cleveland erupted more recently in 1951, 1953, 1954 (possibly), 1975 (possibly), 1984 through 1987, 1989, 1994, and 1997. The volcano has received more focused attention in recent times due to its increased activity: it erupted in 2001, 2005, three times in 2006, 2007, three times in 2009, and twice in 2010. Of these, the most significant eruption was the 2001 eruption, which produced a 12 km high ash plume. This plume dispersed 120 to 150 km across Alaska, an unusual distance that allowed detailed satellite observations to be made. Nikolski and the surrounding region was the site of several hours of ashfall, represented in satellite imagery as areas of discolored snow. This eruption significantly disrupted air traffic in the area.</p><br>
<p>On June 19, 2012, a pilot reported an ash-producing explosion on Mount Cleveland. Due to continuing seismic activity, the volcano was placed on the USGS Volcano Watch List in the orange or "watch" category the following day. AVO continues to keep Cleveland on the watch because of a persistent anomaly at the summit. AVO suspects it could be dome growth. Other minor ash producing explosions occurred on June 26, July 12, and August 19.</p><br>
<p>On May 4, 2013, the volcano began a low-level eruption, with a plume of ash observed at 15,000 ft.</p><br>
<p>The volcano erupted several times in 2014 and 2015, and a single explosion was detected by the AVO on April 16, 2016.</p><br>
<p>In total the volcano has erupted at least 22 times in the last 230 years.</p><br>
<h2>Monitoring</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Alaska Volcano Observatory monitors activity at Mount Cleveland using satellite imagery. Cloud cover often obscures the volcano, which makes many events difficult to follow. In recent years the Alaska Volcano Observatory has made an effort to expand volcanic coverage westward along the Aleutian Arc.</p><br>
<p>The biggest threat posed by an eruption from Mount Cleveland is its ash plume, which can damage sensitive electronic equipment on overflying planes. Many aircraft traveling over the North Pacific and over the Arctic come within the vicinity of such a plume; the only way to avoid damage is to reroute the flight, which delays arrival time and adds $5,500 to $6,000 in extra fuel costs. Cleveland has therefore been assessed by the United States Geological Survey as a volcano with " high aviation threat score and no real-time ground based monitoring at the present time".</p><br>
<p>Cadair Berwyn or Cader Berwyn is a mountain summit in north east Wales. It is the highest point in the Berwyn range, and the highest significant summit in Wales outside the National Parks. Cadair Berwyn and Cyrniau Nod to the west are the two Marilyns that form the Berwyn range.</p><br>
<p>The mountain lies on main ridge of the Berwyns which runs north–south. The eastern side of the ridge is characterised by steep drops and crags including Craig Berwyn north of the summit and Craig y Llyn to the south. Craig y Llyn forms the headwall of a cwm, and it is to this that the word cadair (chair in Welsh) presumably refers. Further north along the ridge is Cadair Bronwen, whilst to south the ridge continues to Moel Sych (, meaning dry hill).</p><br>
<p>It is often reported that Moel Sych, 1 km along the ridge, is of equal height, but Cadair Berwyns spot height on the Ordnance Survey maps, where the trig point stands, is not the true summit. Cadair Berwyns summit, 200 m south of the trig point, is 3 m taller than Moel Sych. This summit is listed as Cadair Berwyn New Top on the Nuttall list. However, the name given to it by its discoverer, Bernard Wright, was Craig Uchaf.</p><br>
<p>In 1987 Bernard Wright, a rambler from Cheshire, was standing on Cadair Berwyn (then said to be the highest mountain in Clwyd) when he noticed that a nearby peak appeared to be higher. After first denying it, the cartographers at the Ordnance Survey finally admitted that Bernard had discovered a new mountain at 830 metres above sea level. Bernard&#39;s name for this peak was Craig Uchaf (highest rock) the topographical name fitting in well with those that the Welsh have been giving their landscape for centuries. Near the summit is a Bronze Age cairn suggesting that over two thousand years ago people had recognised the true top.</p><br>
<p>Several other summits in the area are listed as Hewitts or Nuttalls, including Foel Wen (, Welsh for white hill) and Mynydd Tarw (, bull mountain).</p><br>
<p>The summit lies on the border between Powys and Denbighshire, and is the highest point in Denbighshire. The northern end Craig Berwyn is the highest point in Wrexham county borough. It stands between Snowdon and the Wrekin and blocks their line-of-sight.</p><br>
<p>There is a standing stone in the area, located near the summit between Cadair Berwyn and Tomle. This was re-erected in June 2008 by High Sports. The standing stone can be found at SJ080337.</p><br>
<p>Below the mountain is a small lake, Llyn Lluncaws.</p><br>
<p>It is the location, as well as Cadair Bronwen, of an alleged UFO landing in 1974, known as the Berwyn Mountain UFO incident.</p><br>
<p>Lake Drummond is a freshwater lake at the center of the Great Dismal Swamp, a marshy region on the Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina between Norfolk, Virginia, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina, in the United States. Surface area of the lake is approximately 3,142 acre and the maximum depth is 6 ft. Management of the lake is the responsibility of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.</p><br>
<p>Scientists think the Great Dismal Swamp was created when the continental shelf made its last big shift. The whole swamp has peat underneath. Several theories exist on the origin of Lake Drummond. People have argued that the lake was made by a big underground peat burn about 3,500 to 6,000 years ago. Native American legend talks about "the fire bird" creating Lake Drummond. Other theories regarding the lake&#39;s origin include a meteorite impact and a tectonic shift.</p><br>
<p>Lake Drummond is one of only two natural freshwater lakes in Virginia. The other, Mountain Lake in Giles County, is also of unknown origin. Curiously, both are lakes essentially on top of hills. Lake Drummond is the highest point in the Dismal Swamp, with nine ditches flowing out of it.</p><br>
<p>The time of the Great Dismal Swamp&#39;s discovery is not known precisely, but archaeological evidence indicates human occupation began nearly 13,000 years ago. By 1650, few Native Americans remained in the area, and European settlers showed little interest in the swamp. In 1665, William Drummond, a future governor of North Carolina, discovered the lake which now bears his name. Several centuries of exploitation and logging reduced the swamp to about 50% of its original size. It was common practice for merchant ships of the time to fill up water casks with the dark-stained water from Lake Drummond. With its high tannin content, the water would remain fresher longer on trans-Atlantic voyages than water from other sources.</p><br>
<p>Lake Drummond and much of the Great Dismal Swamp are within the bounds of the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, officially established through the Dismal Swamp Act of 1974. The refuge includes almost 107,000 acre of forest wetlands. North Carolina established a state park to protect another portion of the swamp. Dismal Swamp State Park protects 22 square miles of forested wetland.</p><br>
<p>Due to relatively low pH levels caused by the leaching of acidic materials from surrounding peat soils, the lake has a relatively low level of nutrients. A few species of fish are represented, including crappie, bowfin, and longnose gar.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>The folklore story "Phantom Lovers of Dismal Swamp" is based entirely around this area. "Wicked John and the Devil", a story in Grandfather Tales, a collection of folktales edited by Richard Chase, tells of a man whom even the devil feared, who when he died was given a red-hot coal by the devil, and told to go to the Great Dismal Swamp to make his own hell. According to the tale, he can be seen wandering the swamp at night with his red-hot coal.</p><br>
<p>Twyn Llech, also known as Black Mountain, is a mountain in the Black Mountains . It is the only Marilyn to fall exactly on the Welsh–English border, straddling Powys and Herefordshire. Its parent peak, Waun Fach, lies to the west.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Black Mountain is the highest point on Hatterrall Ridge. Offa&#39;s Dyke Path passes along the ridge, more or less from south to north. A steeper path leads to the summit from near the former youth hostel in the Vale of Ewyas to the west. The summit is unmarked and, because of the very shallow gradients along the summit ridge, virtually impossible to determine in situ. Open access to all the moorland here means that deviation from the paths is allowed. The ground is peaty and normally very wet even in good weather, especially on the highest ground.</p><br>
<p>It is the highest summit in England south of Great Whernside in the Yorkshire Dales, even though higher neighbours are very close by in Wales. However, some mountain lists, such as the Nuttalls, consider the mountain belongs only to Wales, due to the Black Mountains range being principally a Welsh massif.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is composed of sandstones and mudstones of the Senni Formation of the Old Red Sandstone which is of Devonian age. The shape of the Vale of Ewyas to the south and west of the Hatterall ridge strongly suggests that it was occupied by a glacier during at least one ice age, though not perhaps during the last ice age. The plateau was probably ice-free.</p><br>
<p>Bruton Parish Church is located in the restored area of Colonial Williamsburg in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. It was established in 1674 by the consolidation of two previous parishes in the Virginia Colony, and remains an active Episcopal parish. The building, constructed 1711-15, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 as a well-preserved early example of colonial religious architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The roots of Bruton Parish Church trace back to both the Church of England and the new settlement of the Colony of Virginia at Jamestown in the early 17th century. The role of the church and its relationship to the government had been established by King Henry VIII some years earlier. The same relationship was established in the new colony.</p><br>
<h3>1607: the Church of England in the new Virginia Colony</h3><br>
<p>When the English colony was established at Jamestown on May 14, 1607, the conduct of worship and the building of a primitive chapel were given priority even as the first fort was built. The Reverend Robert Hunt served as the first chaplain. He had been the chaplain appointed to serve as spiritual leader of the three-ship expedition headed by Christopher Newport, and he lit the candle for the Anglican Church in Virginia a few weeks earlier when he first lifted his voice in public thanksgiving and prayer on April 29, as the settlers made what has come to be known as their "First Landing" near the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay. He also was the one to plant the cross at Cape Henry (which they named after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of King James I).</p><br>
<p>Captain John Smith described the Reverend Mr Hunt as our honest, religious and courageous divine. In his role as religious leader, he was a peacemaker, often bringing harmony to a quarreling group of men. Hunt was among those who did not survive that first year. After five very difficult years, during which the majority of the constant flow of colonists did not survive, the colony began to grow. As in England, the parish became a unit of local importance equal in power and practical aspects to other entities such as the courts and even the House of Burgesses.</p><br>
<p>The earlier settlements were along the major waterways, such as the James River and the York River. The expansion and subdivision of the church parishes and shires (counties) of Virginia after 1634 both followed this growth. Parishes needed to be close enough for travel to church for worship, an obligation everyone was expected to fulfil. (A parish was normally led spiritually by a rector and governed by a committee of members generally respected in the community which was known as the vestry).</p><br>
<h3>Growth of the Colony: 1632 Middle Plantation</h3><br>
<p>The interior area of the Virginia Peninsula was not settled until a period beginning in the 1630s when a stockade was completed across the Peninsula between Archers Hope Creek (later College Creek) and Queens Creek, each navigable to an opposing river.</p><br>
<p>Dr John Potts figured prominently in the early development. In 1625, he was commissioned a member of the Governor&#39;s Council, on which he served for a number of years. In 1628 he was chosen Governor, and held the position from 1629 until the early part of 1630, when he was superseded by Sir John Harvey.</p><br>
<p>Dr Potts had a plantation which he called "Harrop", possibly named in honor of his ancestral home, Harrop, in Cheshire, England, where some of the Potts family resided at that period. (This plantation, patented in 1631, may be related to the Harrop Parish established in 1644, which years later became part of Bruton Parish).</p><br>
<p>On July 12, 1632, Dr Potts obtained a patent for 1,200 acre at the head of Archer&#39;s Hope Creek. Part of this land was to become the fortified palisade across the peninsula. Palisades, six miles (10 km) in length, were run from creek to creek, and, on the ridge between, a settlement to be called Middle Plantation was made. The doctor would have certainly recognized the sanitary advantages of the country around Middle Plantation. As the ridge between the creeks was remarkably well drained, there were few mosquitoes. The deep ravines penetrating from the north and south made the place of much strategic value. Also, the only practical road down the Peninsula was over this ridge, and this road was easily defended. At Middle Plantation, some years later, this road was later to be called Duke of Gloucester Street, and it would later form the dividing boundary line between portions of James City and York County for many years.</p><br>
<h3>Middle Plantation becomes a town</h3><br>
<p>Despite the favorable location, development of Middle Plantation as a residential and trade community did not immediately take place. The area was still on the edge of the frontier and subject to attacks by the Native Americans, who were being crowded out of their homeland by the ever-expanding colony. This was especially true prior to the second major conflict with the Powhatan Confederacy in 1644, after which a peace was established. Although the local Natives had basically been overwhelmed and subdued, conflicts continued further west with tribal groups other than the Powhatan.</p><br>
<p>Beginning after 1644, the interior areas of the Peninsula such as that of Middle Plantation became more attractive for settlement. By the 1650s, Middle Plantation began to look both populated and wealthy, straddling the boundary between James City County and York County. Colonel John Page, a merchant who had emigrated from Middlesex, England with his wife Alice Luckin Page in 1650, was largely responsible for building Middle Plantation into a substantial town. In an era of wooden buildings, brick was a sign of both wealth and permanence. Page built a large, brick house in Middle Plantation and began encouraging the growth of the area. The Ludwell brothers (Thomas and Phillip) also built a substantial brick home, even larger than that of Page. The houses that Page and the Ludwells built were among the finest in the colony. Another brick house was built nearby by the Pages&#39; eldest son, Francis. By the third quarter of the 17th century, Middle Plantation must have looked like a place of importance.</p><br>
<h3>Worship in Middle Plantation</h3><br>
<p>In 1633, according to records, Middle Plantation Parish was established. It is known there was a wooden church by around 1660, but little else is known. In 1658, Middle Plantation Parish was united with Harrop Parish in James City County in 1658 to form Middletown Parish.</p><br>
<p>Bruton Parish was formed in 1674 when Marston Parish (formed in 1654) in York County merged with Middletown Parish. The first vestrymen for Bruton Parish, named at its creation in 1674, were Col. Thomas Ballard, Sr., Daniel Parke, Col. John Page, James Besouth, Robert Cobbs, James Bray, Capt. Philip Chesley and William Aylett.</p><br>
<p>The name of the parish comes from the town of Bruton, in the English county of Somerset, which was the ancestral home to several leading colonial figures, notably Virginia&#39;s colonial secretary Thomas Ludwell and the Ludwell family, as well as that of the Royal Governor, Sir William Berkeley. By this time, the Ludwells were living in Middle Plantation, and the idea of moving the capital there had been put forth unsuccessfully at least once. Bruton Parish was about 10 mi square.</p><br>
<p>Colonel Page donated a plot of land about 144 ft by 180 ft and funds for building a brick church and for the surrounding churchyard in 1678. In return for his donation of land and funds towards the new church, Col. Page was allowed to have his family seated in a special pew at the front of the church in the chancel ahead of the congregation.</p><br>
<p>Other subscribers pledged additional funds. The construction contract was awarded in June 1681 and the building was complete by November 29, 1683. The first rector, the Reverend Rowland Jones, dedicated the structure on January 6, 1684 at the Epiphany.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1683, the brick church, about 60 ft by 24 ft, rose to the north and west of the present church building and only a few steps northwest. The buried foundations remain.</p><br>
<h3>Country parish changes its role</h3><br>
<p>Conditions at Jamestown had made it problematic to serve as capital of the colony, and during the second half of the 17th century, sessions of the House of Burgesses and Governors Council had periodically relocated to Middle Plantation, or longtime Governor Sir William Berkeleys Green Spring Plantation, both relatively nearby, and considered both safer and healthier locations than Jamestown Island. This and another situation combined to bring tiny Middle Plantation and Bruton Parish to prominence in the colony.</p><br>
<p>In 1691, the House of Burgesses sent the Reverend James Blair, the colony&#39;s top religious leader and rector of Henrico Parish at Varina, to England to secure a charter to establish "a certain Place of Universal Study, a perpetual College of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and the good arts and sciences...to be supported and maintained, in all time coming." Blair journeyed to London and began a vigorous campaign. With support from his friends, Henry Compton, the Bishop of London, and John Tillotson (Archbishop of Canterbury), Blair was ultimately successful.</p><br>
<p>The College of William & Mary was founded on February 8, 1693, under a Royal Charter secured by Blair. Named in honor of the reigning monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II, the College was one of the original Colonial colleges. William & Mary was founded as an Anglican institution; governors were required to be members of the Church of England, and professors were required to declare adherence to the Thirty-Nine Articles.</p><br>
<p>The Reverend Mr Blair, who had been serving as Rector of Henrico Parish (then along the western frontier), was very aware of the fate of Henricus and the first attempt at a college there, both of which had been annihilated in the Indian Massacre of 1622. The peaceful situation with the Native Americans and the high ground and central location in the developed portion of the colony at Middle Plantation must have appealed to him, for he is credited with selecting a site for the new college on the outskirt of the tiny community. Blair and the trustees of the College of William and Mary bought a parcel of 330 acre from Thomas Ballard for the new school. The new school opened in temporary buildings in 1694. Properly called the "College Building", the first version of the Wren Building was built at Middle Plantation beginning on August 8, 1695 and occupied by 1700. (Today, the Wren Building is the oldest academic structure in continuous use in America).</p><br>
<p>The State House at Jamestown burned again (for the third time) in 1698, and as it had in the past, the legislature again took up temporary quarters at Middle Plantation. On May 1, 1699, Blair and five students of the College of William and Mary appeared before the House of Burgesses (which was meeting nearby in temporary quarters) to suggest that they designate Middle Plantation (soon to be renamed Williamsburg in honor of King William III), as the new capital of Virginia, and a month later, the legislators agreed.</p><br>
<p>Following its designation as the Capital of the Colony, immediate provision was made for construction of a capitol building and for platting the new city according to the survey of Theodorick Bland. Bruton Parish Church held a prominent location in the new plan.</p><br>
<p>Thus, by 1699, Bruton Parish Church found itself located adjacent to both the new college and the new capital of the colony. During the colonial period, all those in public office were required to attend church. Government and College officials in the capital city of Williamsburg therefore would have attended Bruton Parish Church. The influx of students, the governor and his entourage, and the legislature, as well as townspeople overwhelmed the small church.</p><br>
<p>The church and Williamsburg were each central to the life and government of the colony, As the court church of colonial Virginia, Bruton Parish Church soon took on appropriate trappings such as an altar cloth and cushion.</p><br>
<h3>1715: a new church building</h3><br>
<p>Historians from Colonial Williamsburg Foundation have noted that the brick church stood near the center of Williamsburgs original survey map drawn 15 years after it was built. The layout may have been designed at least partially around the extant church, suggesting the churchs importance to the colonial community&#39;s life. The brick church was, however, in poor condition and deemed inadequate for its prominent role.</p><br>
<p>In 1706, the vestry began considering building a larger church. With only 110 families in 1724, the parish vestry could, however, only afford to plan a small church, and invited the colony&#39;s government to finance an enlargement to accommodate the needs not arising from the local residents. Four years later the General Assembly agreed to fund pews for the governor, council, and burgesses. Royal Governor Alexander Spotswood drafted plans for the structure: a cruciform church (the first in Virginia) 75 feet long, 28 ft wide, with 19 ft long transepts (wings).</p><br>
<p>Under the watchful eye of Dr. James Blair, who was rector from 1710 to 1743 (and also president of William and Mary from 1693 until his death), the construction of the new church got underway, with the first construction contract awarded in 1711. Finished in 1715, the church soon had all the required furnishings: Bible, prayer books, altar, font, cushions, surplice, bell, and reredos tablets.</p><br>
<p>In 1755 the church got its first organ when the vestry voted on November 18 to enable "a person to build a Loft for an Organ in the Church in the City of Williamsburg, and to set up the same." Peter Pelham was unanimously chosen as the church&#39;s first organist.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after, the parish established the Bruton Parish Poorhouse.</p><br>
<h3>American Revolution, decline</h3><br>
<p>As the American Revolutionary War began in 1776, the power of both the monarchy and the church as an institution controlled by the government came into question in the colony. Among the Virginia leaders of the time who attended Bruton Parish Church were Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Richard Henry Lee, George Wythe, Patrick Henry, and George Mason.</p><br>
<p>The capital was relocated to Richmond in 1781 for greater security in the conflict with Great Britain, and when the new Constitution of the United States and the accompanying Bill of Rights were adopted, the concepts of Separation of Church and State and Freedom of Religion changed the role of Bruton Parish Church in its community. With the end of colonial rule, Bruton Parish Church declined just as the city did.</p><br>
<p>However, the church grew anew as part of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, which became the first autonomous Anglican province outside the British Isles. In the new Commonwealth of Virginia, those attending Bruton Parish Church did so by choice, and the parish survived to modern times, where it is still active. Over the years, various changes were made to the church fabric, including reversing the interior to place the altar at the west, instead of the east, end. In the early 20th century, an important restoration took place.</p><br>
<h3>Revitalization of Colonial Williamsburg</h3><br>
<p>The revitalization of Bruton Parish Church came about largely through the efforts of its rector, the Reverend Dr W.A.R. Goodwin (1869&ndash;1939), who came to the parish in 1903. He was inspired by his historic parish with its many surviving 18th-century buildings. Dr Goodwin oversaw fund-raising, preservation and restoration of the aged and historic church building, using information gathered from town and church records. The restoration of the interior of Bruton Parish Church to its colonial form and appearance was inaugurated by a service held on May 14, 1905, with a sermon on the Continuity of the Life of the Church, by Rev. Beverley Dandridge Tucker, D.D. The church&#39;s restoration was completed by 1907, in time to mark the 300th anniversary of the establishment of the Episcopal Church in America. The work turned out to be only the first part of a much larger restoration.</p><br>
<p>Dr Goodwin was called to Rochester, New York, where he stayed until 1923, when he returned to Virginia, to teach at the College of William and Mary, and serve again at Bruton Parish. He was shocked at the continued deterioration of many other historic buildings in the immediate vicinity of the church and the College. He feared they would be completely destroyed as time went on. In 1924, Dr Goodwin started a movement to preserve the buildings in the district. As his primary source of funding, Dr Goodwin was fortunate in this effort to sign on John D. Rockefeller Jr., the wealthy son of the founder of Standard Oil, and his wife Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. He stimulated their interest in the old city and helped that grow into the incredible generosity that financed the restoration. Together, through their personal efforts and diligence, and funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, Abby and John Rockefeller worked with Dr Goodwin and others to make the remarkable dream of restoring the old colonial capital come true.</p><br>
<h3>Search for “Bacon’s Vault”</h3><br>
<p>In 1938 Marie Bauer, a follower and the future wife of prominent mystic Manly P. Hall, claimed to have deciphered information hidden in George Wither’s 1635 book A Collection of Emblemes, Ancient and Moderne that under the foundations of the first brick church at Bruton Parish was a secret vault containing lost writings by Sir Francis Bacon, including proof that Bacon was the true author of Shakespeare’s plays and plans for a utopian society. Bauer received permission from the parish to conduct an excavation, and using coordinates she reportedly decoded from various tombstones on the grounds, uncovered the foundations of the original 1683 brick church. The excavation was halted after digging to a depth of about nine feet for fear of desecrating the graves in the churchyard. Bauer then hired an engineering firm to conduct metal-detecting tests on the site, which concluded that “At a depth of from sixteen to twenty feet square…lies a body partially filled and much larger than an ordinary tomb.”</p><br>
<p>Interest in the supposed vault was rekindled in 1985 after radar tests indicated possible disturbed soil beneath the site of the 1938 dig. Following the arrest of three people caught digging on the church grounds in the middle of the night, the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation conducted a new excavation in the summer of 1992. Following Bauer’s original calculations, archeologists dug to a depth of twenty feet without locating any evidence of a vault. A geologist from the College of William & Mary took several soil samples and concluded that the ground at that depth had lain undisturbed for three million years.</p><br>
<h2>The Church Today</h2><br>
<p>Today Colonial Williamsburg&#39;s Historic Area occupies 173 acres (700,000 m²) and includes 88 original buildings and more than 50 major reconstructions. It is joined by the Colonial Parkway to the two other sides of the Historic Triangle, Jamestown and Yorktown. At Jamestown, England established its first permanent colony in the Americas, and at Yorktown the Continental Army under George Washington won a decisive victory to end British rule.</p><br>
<p>Bruton Parish Church today is the most active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Southern Virginia. It has nearly two thousand members, four regular Sunday services, and active youth and college organizations. The Church has been restored to the colonial era, and name plates on its box pews commemorate famous worshippers from the time, including George Washington, James Madison, John Tyler, Benjamin Harrison, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Jefferson. The church still uses a bell cast in 1761, which rang to celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, marking the end of the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>And, much as the former country parish found a new role with the influx of persons visiting the new College and colonial capital in the 18th century, visitors to Colonial Williamsburg are welcomed to join locals, including students, college staff, and community leaders in worshipping there.</p><br>
<h3>The Music Program</h3><br>
<p>Bruton Parish Church has a rich tradition of music, dating back to 1755. While in the early days the only music allowed would have been a prelude and postlude (instrumental music before and after the service) and the responsive chanting of psalms, the church has had an organ since 1755. Because of the ban on music, this was highly unusual, but since the church was in the capital city and had a number of high class congrengants, the organ was deemed necessary. Peter Pelham was the first organist, and began the tradition of Candlelight Concerts by allowing locals to come in and listen while he gave lessons to promising students.</p><br>
<p>The current music program, led by Rebecca Davy and JanEl Will, carries on the traditions started by Pelham while keeping up with modern trends in worship. The two primary choirs, the Pelham and Chancel choirs, sing in the morning services and at special concerts such as the John D. Rockefeller Jr memorial concert. In addition to the two choirs, there are also a college student choir that sings at an evening service, two children&#39;s choirs that sing on occasion during services, an orchestra that plays for the choir concerts, and a handbell choir that plays during services and at special concerts. The church continues the tradition of candlelight concerts with guest choirs, guest organists, and instrumentalists on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday nights as well as special monthly Evensong services featuring guest choirs.</p><br>
<p>In January 2011, the church decided to take Peter Pelhams tradition of instructing students to a new level and create the position of organ scholar. The first organ scholar was Allen T. Blehl of Oradell, New Jersey. Blehl studied organ since he was 13, and continued his studies at the College of William and Mary under instructor Thomas Marshall in addition to performing services and concerts at Bruton Parish Church. In 2014, following Blehls graduation from William and Mary, Carina Sturdy became the new organ scholar.</p><br>
<p>Hornindalsvatnet is Norways and Europes deepest lake, officially measured to a depth of 514 m. Its surface is 53 m above sea level, which means that its bottom is 461 m below sea level. The village of Grodås lies at the eastern end of the lake in Hornindal Municipality and the village of Mogrenda is located on the western end of the lake in Eid Municipality. The European route E39 highway runs near the lake. The village of Heggjabygda and Heggjabygda Church lie on the northern shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Its volume is estimated at 12 km3, its area is 50 km&sup2; and ranks 19th in area among Norway&#39;s lakes. It is located in Sogn og Fjordane county, about a kilometer south of the county border with Møre og Romsdal county. The lake lies within the borders of Eid and Hornindal municipalities. The main outflow is the river Eidselva, which flows into the Eidsfjorden, an arm off the main Nordfjorden.</p><br>
<p>The lake is also the site of the Hornindalsvatnet Marathon, held annually in July.</p><br>
